s, acorns, berries, pine nuts, esculent herbage and the tuberous roots of certain plants, all of which were easily obtained, even with their simple and limited means of s

NT

hunting was either by the stealthy still hunt, or a general turn-out, surrounding a large area of favorable cou

by Jor

MITE H

deer's head, to

range with their bows and arrows. This head-dress was made of the whole skin of a doe's head, with a part of the neck, the head part stuffed with light material, the eyeholes filled in with the green feathered scalp of a duck's head, and the top furnished with light wooden horns, the bran

, many of them, were in some degree migratory in their habits, being driven from the higher ranges to the foothills by the d

g by J

SWEAT

te hunters before

ating and personal cleansing. This was done by resorting to their sweat houses, which were similar in construction to the o′-chums, except that the top was rounded and the whole structure was covered thickly with mud and earth to exclude the air. These houses were heated with hot stones and coals of fire, and the

o help carry the outfit, keep camp, cook, search for berries and pine nuts, and assist in bringing to camp and taking care

they made a cavity in the ground, in which they built a fire, which was afterwards cleared away and the cavity lined with very hot stones

it in the sun-shine to dry. The dried meat was generally cooked by ro

er he killed, as he believed that if he did

SH

in fishhooks of modern make, they made them of bone. Their lines were made of the tough, fibrous, silken bark of the variety of milkweed or silkweed, already mentioned. Their spears were small poles pointed with a single

in this narrow outlet was placed a sort of wicker basket trap, made of long willow sprouts loosely woven together and closed at the pointed lower end, which was eleva

ture, by the handful, was then rubbed on rocks out in the stream, which roiled the water and also made it somewhat foamy. The fish were soon affected by it, became stupid with a sort of strangulation, and rose to the surface, where t

ed by roasting on hot coals

S AS

adstuff, and they are still used by the pres

by Mrs.

CK′

ched with pine branches, points down

feet in diameter. It is set upon stout posts about three feet high and supported in position by four longer posts on the outside, reaching to the top, and there bound firmly to keep them from spreading. The outside of the basket is thatched with small pine branches, points downward, to shed the rain and snow, and

considered much the best and most nutritious by the Indians. This i

the kernel pounded or ground into a fine meal. In the Yosemite Valley and at other Indian camps in the mountains, this is done by grinding with their stone pestles or metats (may-tat′s) in the ho′yas or mortars, worn by long usage i

raph b

AND ME

ng acorn meal. The holes have been

fan-like ends of fir branches. A fire is then made near by, and small stones of four or five pounds in weight are heated, with which they warm water in some of their large cooking baskets, and mix the acorn meal with it to the consistency o

with a peculiar stirring stick, made of a tough oak sprout, doubled so as to form a round, open loop at one end, which is used in lifting out any loose stones. When the dough is well cooked, it is either left en masse in the basket or scooped out in rolls and put into

AN D

ing wild-cats, California lions and gray squirrels, and are very expert in catching ground squirrels by intercepting them when away f

mals which the Yosemites, and other adjacent tribes of Indians,

AND B

as, although the seeds of the sugar pine (P. Lambertiana) were also sometimes eaten. On account of their soft shell, nuts from the pinon pine (P. monophylla), which grows principally on the eastern side of the mountains, were considered superior to either of the other kinds, and were an important article of barte

re used for eating, and also to make a kind of cider for drinking, and for mixing with some food preparations. Manzanita is the Spanish for "little apple," and this shrub, with its rich red bark and pale green foliage, is perhaps the most beautiful and most widely

PPERS A

ich grows upon the oak, mushrooms, and the larvae and pupae of ants and other insects. The pupae of a certain kind of fly which breeds extensively on the shores of Mono Lake, about forty miles from Yose

ould not readily get out of it. This hole was dug in the center of a meadow, which was then surrounded by Indians armed with small boughs, who beat the grasshoppers toward

raph b

D GAT

ribes, the women d

brilliant flowers are such a beautiful feature of all the mountain meadows in the spring and summer, was a favorite plant for making what white people would call "greens," and when eaten was frequently mo