rammar-Definit

principles of the correct formation of sentences and the relation of words to one another, we will be to a great extent like the parrot, that merely repeats what it hears without understanding the import of what is said. Of course the parrot, being a creature without reason, cannot comprehend; it

ONS OF

reat divisions o

tymology, Synt

tters and the mode of co

rious classes of words and

nnection and arrangemen

of speaking and reading and

t mentioned co

TT

nsonants. A vowel is a letter which makes a distinct sound by itself. Consonants cannot be sounded without th

LES AN

t of [Transcriber's note: 1-2 words illegible] shall, pig

ne syllable or a com

, but the best is to follow as closely as possible the divisi

RTS OF

TI

noun to show whether the noun is us

because it does not point put any particular person or thing but indicates the nou

points out some particular person or thing;

O

place or thing as John, London,

s applied to particul

mes applied to a wh

cted by number,

oun by which we indicate whether i

the noun is the name of a male, a female, of an inanim

or thing represented, as the subject of an affirmation or question, the owner o

e distinction of sex between John, a male, and Sarah, a female, and book and leaves, things which are inanimate and neither male nor female, is called Gender; and the distinction of state between John, the p

ECT

that is, shows or points out some distinguishin

egrees of comparison, the positive,

djective without expressing increase or

adjective which expresses increase

expresses the greatest increase o

e form when it does not expres

between two or between one and a number taken collectively, as, "Jo

s a comparison between one and a number of individuals t

hich cannot be increased have only the positive form;

he positive to form the superlative, or by prefixing more to the positive for the comparative and most to the

llables are generally compar

in comparison; as, Bad, wors

ON

Jane to write her copy with it." Without the pronouns we would have to write this sentence,-"

pronouns-Personal, Relati

e names of persons, places and things. The Personal Pronouns are I,

rst person because it repr

econd person because it repr

rd person because they represent the pe

the first and second person is obvious, as they represent the person or person

t Pe

o

. Pl

I

ine

M

nd P

o

. Pl

Tho

hine

The

d Pe

. Pl

He

is T

Him

d Pe

. Pl

She

ers

Her

d Pe

ut

. Pl

It

ts T

It

by the Society of Friends. The Plural form You is used for both the nominative and objective

some word or phrase going before; as, "The boy who told the

ther words, but who refers immediately to boy, and

h a relative pronoun refer

ouns are who, whi

ersons only; as, "T

nd things without life; as, "The horse

ngs; as, "The friend that helps." "The

and the relative and is equivalent to that which; as, "I

have the singula

and that are masculine, feminine or neuter;

hat are no

ich are th

lural Sing.

o N.

ose P

om O.

ed to ask questions are cal

e nature of adjectives and prono

out the person or object. They are this, that with t

s used distributively. They ar

less indefinitely. They are any, all, few

oting possession. They are my, th

onal pronouns in that the latter can stand alone while the former cannot. "Who owns

E

oing of something, or it may be defined as a w

word strikes is introduced, something is affirmed, hence the word

ction is called the root of the verb; e.

r irregular, transi

adding ed to the present or d if the verb ends in e. When i

ects some object; as "I struck the table." Here the action of stri

ch the action remains with the sub

n be used transitively; thus, "I wal

d by number, perso

erb to denote whether the assertion is made regarding one or more than one and whether it is ma

E

e, past tense and future tense with their variations to express the exact

O

Infinitive, the Indicative, the

sense without reference to person or number, time or place, it is in the Infinitive Mood; as "To run

nt, it is in the Indicative Mood. "The boy loves his book." Here a direct statement is made co

and or entreaty it is in the Imperative

inty or when some future action depends upon a contingency, it

must, but in all cases it can be resolved into the indicative or subjunctive. Thus, in "I may write if I choose," "may write" is by some classified as in the potential mood, but in real

ometimes called the active ending in ing and the past o

e form, the participles in an adjective form; as "To rise earl

consequently is equivalent to an infinitive; thus, "To rise ea

e the Present Indicative, Past I

Loved

parts are wanting, and then t

st Passive

uld (W

Mi

l Sh

Wou

t Ou

s of a principal verb to express time and manner with greater precision than can be done by the tenses and moods in their simple form. Thus, the sentence, "I am writing an exercise; when I shall have finished it

hall, will, may, can, ought, and must. They are called helping v

O

iary verbs. It has eleven parts, viz., am, art, i

O

the Subject not being acted upon but acting; as, "The

said to be in the passive voice. "John was loved by his neighbors." Here John the subject is also the object affected by the loving, the action of the verb is thrown back on him, hence the

JUG

orderly arrangement in voices, mo

conjugation of the ve

IPAL

ast Past

Loved

itive

L

ative

ENT

. Pl

on I lov

n You lov

n He love

T T

. Pl

n I loved

You loved

He loved

RE T

. Pl

shall love

ou will love

e will love

rson plural and 3rd person

PERFEC

. Pl

have loved

u have loved

has loved Th

ERFECT

. Pl

I had loved

ou had loved

e had loved

PERFE

. Pl

ll have loved We

ill have loved Y

ll have loved Th

ative

NT TEN

. Pl

Love (you

nctiv

ENT

. Pl

If I love

If you love

If he love

T T

. Pl

If I loved

f you loved

f he loved I

PERFEC

. Pl

I have loved I

ou have loved I

e has loved If

ERFECT

. Pl

I had loved

you had loved

he had loved I

INI

nt Pe

To hav

TIC

t Past

oved Hav

ION OF "

ive

ative

ENT

. Pl

I am loved

ou are loved

e is loved T

T T

. Pl

was loved W

u were loved

was loved Th

RE T

. Pl

all be loved We

will be loved Y

ill be loved Th

PERFEC

. Pl

ve been loved W

ave been loved Y

s been loved The

ERFECT

. Pl

d been loved We

ad been loved Yo

d been loved The

PERFE

. Pl

have been loved We

have been loved You

ave been loved They

ative

NT TEN

. Pl

(you) loved

nctiv

ENT

. Pl

I be loved I

you be loved I

he be loved If

T T

. Pl

were loved If

ou were loved I

he were loved

PERFEC

. Pl

ave been loved If

have been loved If

as been loved If t

ERFECT

. Pl

ad been loved If

had been loved If

ad been loved If t

INI

nt Pe

d To have

TIC

t Past

een loved Hav

out. The old form thou, except in the conjugation of the verb "To Be," may be said to be obsolete. In the th

VE

ows the manner in which the writing is performed; in the examples-"He is remarkably diligent" and "He works very faithfully," t

erwise require two or more words; thus, There signifies in tha

aried in their terminations to express co

e and superlative by adding er a

red by prefixing more and most; a

formation of the comparative and

POS

ogether and shows the relation between them. "My hand

nerally placed before the words whose connecti

JUN

ences; as "John and James." "My father and

or; neither, nor; though, yet; but, however; for, that; be

RJEC

of the mind. Thus in the examples,-"Ah! there he comes; alas

nterjections when they are uttered as exclama

elated to one another but some are in closer affinity than others. To point out the exact relationship and the dependency of one word on another is

ne of the kind, by the indefinite article, and to some partic

females, or of objects which are neither male nor female; and they represent the subject of an affirmation, a command o

s quality without comparison; in another, they express comparison between two, or between one and a number t

reference to some preceding words in the sentence, of which they are the substitutes,-and those of a third class refer adjectively to the perso

o manner, an affirmation may be positive or conditional, it being doubtful whether the condition is fulfilled or not, or it being implied that it is not fulfilled;-the verb may express command or entreaty; or the se

some of which can be inflected to expr

hich one thing bears to another are expressed by 'prepositions. Sudden

es to another. Thus, in "After a storm comes a calm," calm is a noun; in "It is

aining all the parts of spe

ing, but, alas, he has wal

gular, masculine or feminine gender, no

of time modifyi

ve mood, present tense, first person singula

article particular

ositive degree, qual

lar, masculine gender, objective cas

ct participle of the verb "to

conju

ction, expressin

singular, masculine gender, nominat

icative mood, perfect tense, 3rd person singu

on, governing the

sitive degree, qualify

singular, neuter gender, objective c

an adverb. As an adject

omparative

mor