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branches 2056 Budget 2057 Capital 2058 Imports - commodities 2059 Climate 2060 Coastline (km) 2061 Imports - partners (%) 2062 Economic aid - donor 2063 Constitution 2064 Economic aid - recipient 2065 Currency (code) 2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population) 2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure 2068 Dependent areas 2070 Disputes - international 2075 Ethnic groups (%) 2076 Exchange rates 2077 Executive branch 2078 Exports 2079 Debt - external 2080 Fiscal year 2081 Flag description 2085 Highways (km) 2086 Illicit drugs 2087 Imports 2088 Independence 2089 Industrial production growth rate (%) 2090 Industries 2091 Infant mortality rate (deaths/1,000 live births) 2092 Inflation rate (consumer prices) (%) 2093 Waterways (km) 2094 Judicial branch 2095 Labor force 2096 Land boundaries (km) 2097 Land use (%) 2098 Languages (%) 2100 Legal system 2101 Legislative branch 2102 Life expectancy at birth (years) 2103 Literacy (%) 2105 Manpower available for military service 2106 Maritime claims 2107 International organization participation 2108 Merchant marine 2109 National holiday 2110 Nationality 2111 Natural resources 2112 Net migration rate (migrant(s)/1,000 population) 2113 Geography - note 2115 Political pressure groups and leaders 2116 Economy - overview 2117 Pipelines (km) 2118 Political parties and leaders

=======================

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he rank's name with "@", e.g. "@Population". "Population" will find a

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A - Abb

rnational Organiz

d International Envi

-Reference List of

eference List of Hyd

s-Reference List

=======================

nd Defi

e Economy category, entries have been added for Current account balance, Investment (gross fixed), Public debt, and Reserve

A: Abbreviations, which includes all abbreviations an

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an exception would be ASEAN for Association of Southeast Asian Nations). In general, an acronym made up of more than the first letter of the major words in the expanded form is rendered with only an initial capital letter (Co

and first- order administrative divisions as approved by the US Board on Geographi

ts a nation's key socioeconomic issues. Countries with young populations (high percentage under age 15) need to invest more in schools, while countries with older populations (high percentage ages 65 and over) need to

ordered listing of major crops and pro

te or asphalt surfaces) or unpaved (grass, dirt, sand, or gravel surfaces), but must be us

runway, only the longest runway is included according to the following five groups - (1) over 3,047 m, (2) 2,438 to 3,047 m, (3) 1,524 to 2,437 m, (4) 914 to 1,523 m,

than one runway, only the longest runway is included according to the following five groups - (1) over 3,047 m, (2) 2,438 to 3,047 m, (3) 1,524 to 2,437 m, (4) 914 to 1,52

end

es Factbook-related

rea is the aggregate of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Wa

ntire US or one of the 50 states based on area measurements (1990 revised) provided by the US Bureau of the Census. The smaller

istoric events and current issues and may includ

ion at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. The birth rate is usually the dominant factor in determining t

apital expenditures. These figures are calculated on an exchan

pi

he location of the

rief description of typical wea

ength of the boundary between the land

of exchanging information and includes the telep

s miscellaneous communications informati

des the dates of adoption, re

a codes see

r. The maps were produced from the best information available at the ti

d as an example): conventional long form (Italian Republic), conventional short form (Italy), local long form (Repubblica I

de

try fo

ncy (

s the national mediu

International Organizat

etic currency cod

fits, and dividends, and net transfer payments (such as pension funds and worker remittances) to and from the rest of the world dur

a c

esented in Appendix D:

Appendix E: Cross-Refer

a C

ion available as of 1 January 2005, was

cator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, a

idents repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services. These figures are calcu

formal relationship between a particular no

l listing of all nonindependent entities associate

ng 186 of the 191 UN members (excluded UN members are Bhutan, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and the US itself)

sion, embassy address, mailing address, telephone number, FAX number, bran

des the chief of mission, chancery, telephone, FAX,

rding disputes over international terrestrial and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the US Department of State. References to other situations involving borders or frontiers may also b

d the 45 degree helping line to (b) the entire triangular area under the 45 degree line. The more nearly equal a country's income distribution, the closer its Lorenz curve to the 45 degree line and the lower its Gini index, e.g., a Scandinavian country with an index of 25. The more unequal a country's income distribution, the farther its Lorenz curve from the 45 degree line a

zations. ODA is defined as financial assistance that is concessional in character, has the main objective to promote economic development and welfare of the less developed countries (LDCs), and contains a

ce from the World Bank, the IMF, and other international organizations and from individual nation donors. Formal commitments of aid are included in the data. Omitted from the data are grants by private organizations. Aid comes

with the size, development, and management of pro

mic development, the most important natural resources, and the unique areas of specialization. It also characterizes major economic

s exports, expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or

city -

al exported electrici

city -

al imported electrici

t- hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and th

ion ex

oth the highest point

inican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimb

to

ploitation of wood products for use as fuel) without planting new growth. desertification - the spread of desert-like conditions in arid or semi- arid areas, due to overgrazing, loss of agriculturally productive soils, or climate change. dredging - the practice of deepening an existing waterway; also, a technique used for collecting bottom-dwelling marine organisms (e.g., shellfish) or harvesting coral, often causing significant destruction of reef and ocean-floor ecosystems. drift-net fishing - done with a net, miles in extent, that is generally anchored to a boat and left to float with the tide; often results in an over harvesting and waste of large populations of non-commercial marine species (by-catch) by its effect of "sweeping the ocean clean". ecosystems - ecological units comprised of complex communities of organisms and their specific environments. effluents - waste materials, such as smoke, sewage, or industrial waste which are released into the environment, subsequently polluting it. endangered species - a species that is threatened with extinction either by direct hunting or habitat destruction. freshwater - water with very low soluble mineral content; sources include lakes, streams, rivers, glaciers, and underground aquifers. greenhouse gas - a gas that "traps" infrared radiation in the lower atmosphere causing surface warming; water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, hydrofluorocarbons, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. groundwater - water sources found below the surface of the earth often in naturally occurring reservoirs in permeable rock strata; the source for wells and natural springs. Highlands Water Project - a series of dams constructed jointly by Lesotho and South Africa to redirect Lesotho's abundant water supply into a rapidly growing area in South Africa; while it is the largest infrastructure project in southern Africa, it is also the most costly and controversial; objections to the project include claims that it forces people from their homes, submerges farmlands, and squanders economic resources. Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) - represents the 145,000 Inuits of Russia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland in international environmental issues; a General Assembly convenes every three years to determine the focus of the ICC; the most current concerns are long-range transport of pollutants, sustainable development, and climate change. metallurgical plants - industries which specialize in the science, technology, and processing of metals; these plants produce highly concentrated and toxic wastes which can contri

ernational environmental agreements into two levels - party to and signed, but not ratif

ternational Environmental Agreements, which includes the name, abbreviation, date

ng of ethnic groups starting with the largest and

at a given date or over a given period of time, as expressed in units of local curr

tle of the top administrative leader who is designated to manage the day-to-day activities of the government. For example, in the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the prime minister is the head of government. In the US, the president is both the chief of state and the head of government. Cabinet includes

orts on an f.o.b. (free on board) basis. These figures are calculated on

g of exported products starting with the most important;

of trading partners starting with the most important; i

riod of 12 months, which often is the calendar year but which may begin in any month. All yearl

mation available at the time the entry was written. The flags of independent states are used by their depend

produced from actual flags or the best information available at the time of preparation. The flags of independent states are u

ods and services produced within a nation in a given year. GDP dollar estimates in the Factbook are deri

ution of agriculture, industry, and services to total GDP. The dist

purchasing power parity basis divided by

GDP growth on an annual basis adjusted f

Most of the GDP estimates are based on extrapolation of PPP numbers published by the UN International Comparison Program (UNICP) and by Professors Robert Summers and Alan Heston of the University of Pennsylvania and their colleagues. In contrast, the currency exchange rate method involves a variety of international and domestic financial forces that often have little relation to domestic output. In developing countries with weak currencies the exchange rate estimate of GDP in dollars is typically one-fourth to one-half the PPP estimate. Furthermore, exchange rates may suddenly go up or down by 10% or more because of market forces or official fiat whereas real output has remained unchanged. On 12 January 1994, for example, the 14 countries of the African Financial Community (whose

abroad, minus income earned by foreigners from domestic production. The Factbook, following current practice, uses GDP rather than GNP to measure nationa

(GWP) or aggregate value of all final goods a

se of finding the approximate geographic center of an entity and is based on the Gazetteer of C

ernate names, former names, local names, and regional names referenced to one or more related Factbook entries. Spellings are normally, but

ntries dealing with the natural enviro

miscellaneous geographic information

i i

ribution of family

ries dealing with the system for the adop

miscellaneous government information o

government in which sovereign power is formally divided - usually by means of a constitution - between a central authority and a number of constituent regions (states, colonies, or provinces) so that each region retains some management of its internal affairs; differs from a confederacy in that the central government exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well as upon the regional units. Federal republic - a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives. Maoism - the theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism developed in China by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), which states that a continuous revolution is necessary if the leaders of a communist state are to keep in touch with the people. Marxism - the political, economic, and social principles espoused by 19th century economist Karl Marx; he viewed the struggle of workers as a progression of historical forces that would proceed from a class struggle of the proletariat (workers) exploited by capitalists (business owners), to a socialist "dictatorship of the proletariat," to, finally, a classless society - communism. Marxism-Leninism - an expanded form of communism developed by Lenin from doctrines of Karl Marx; Lenin saw imperialism as the final stage of capitalism and shifted the focus of workers' struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries. Monarchy - a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign - such as a king, queen, or prince - with constitutionally limited authority. Oligarchy - a government in which control is exercised by a small group of individuals whose authority generally is based on wealth or power. Parliamentary democracy - a political system in which the legislature (parliament) selects the government - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor along with the cabinet mi

stic produ

onal produ

ld produc

ed 15-49) living with HIV/AIDS. The adult prevalence rate is calculated by dividing the estim

ate of the number of adults and children wh

ate of all people (adults and children) alive at yearend with HI

lusively and have support facilities including one or more of the following facilities: lighting, fuel, passenger handling, or maintenance. It includes former airports

length of the highway system and the

size. Nations use different standards and procedures in collecting and adjusting the data. Surveys based on income will normally show a more unequal distr

data codes

stances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral change in an individual. Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual. Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self- awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin, psilocyn). Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. Mandrax is a trade name for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical depressant. Marijuana is the dried leaf of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Methaqualone is a pharmaceutical depressant, referred to as mandrax in Southwest Asia and Africa. Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol),

.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) or f.o.b. (free on board) basis. These figures are

g of imported products starting with the most important;

of trading partners starting with the most important; i

nt "independence" in the strict sense, but rather some significant nationhood event such as the traditional founding date or the date of unification, federation, confederation, establishment,

he annual percentage increase in industrial producti

ordering of industries starting with

ven year per 1,000 live births in the same year; included is the total death rate, and deaths by

shes the annual percent change in consumer prices

putes see Dispute

tical order by abbreviation those international organizations in whi

onal orga

presented in Appen

ps which includes the

im, and member

t count

the two-letter cod

tion for Standardizati

y the Internet Assigned

ry-coded top-level

ovider's (ISP) computer is a host. Internet users may use either a hard-wired terminal, at an institution with a mainframe computer connected directly to the Internet, or may connect remo

t. Statistics vary from country to country and may include users who access the Internet at

oduc

ncludes one ent

uipment, dwellings, and inventories of raw materials, which provide the basis for future production. It is measured g

ber of square kilometers of land area t

(s) of the highest court(s) and a brief desc

or

ins the total la

istribution of the labor force by occupation. The distributio

gth of all land boundaries and the individual len

harvest; permanent crops - land cultivated for crops like citrus, coffee, and rubber that are not replanted after each harvest; includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but ex

ages starting with the largest and sometimes includes

l sy

a brief description

in government, and acce

tice (ICJ) j

ts, and term of office. Elections includes the nature of election process or accession to power, date of the last election, and dat

e. The entry includes total population as well as the male and female components. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the

mon definition - the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards that individual countries use to assess the ability to read and write is beyond the scope of the Factbook. Information on literacy, while not a perfect measure of e

ntry's regional location, neighboring

h in 5% of cases. Yellow fever - mosquito-borne viral disease; severity ranges from influenza-like symptoms to severe hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever; occurs only in tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa, where most cases are reported; fatality rate is less than 20%. Japanese Encephalitis - mosquito-borne (Culex tritaeniorhynchus) viral disease associated with rural areas in Asia; acute encephalitis can progress to paralysis, coma, and death; fatality rates 30%. African Trypanosomiasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma; transmitted to humans via the bite of bloodsucking Tsetse flies; infection leads to malaise and irregular fevers and, in advanced cases when the parasites invade the central nervous system, coma and death; endemic in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa; cattle and wild animals act as reservoir hosts for the parasites. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa leishmania; transmitted to humans via the bite of sandflies; results in skin lesions that may become chronic; endemic in 88 countries; 90% of cases occur in Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and Peru; wild and domesticated animals as well as humans can act as reservoirs of infection. Plague - bacterial disease transmitted by fleas normally associated with rats; person-to-person airborne transmission also possible; recent plague epidemics occurred in areas of Asia, Africa, and South America associated with rural areas or small towns and villages; manifests as fever, headache, and painfully swollen lymph nodes; disease progresses rapidly and without antibiotic treatment leads to pneumonic form with a death rate in excess of 50%. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - tick-borne viral disease; infection may also result from exposure to infected animal blood or tissue; geographic distribution includes Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe; sudden onset of fever, headache, and muscle aches followed by hemorrhaging in the bowels, urine, nose, and gums; mortality rate is approximately 30%. Rift Valley fever - viral disease affecting domesticated animals and humans; transmission is by mosquito and other biting insects; infection may also occur through handling of infected meat or contact with blood; geographic distribution includes eastern and southern Africa where cattle and sheep are raised; symptoms are generally mild with fever and some liver abnormalities, but the disease may progress to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or ocular disease; fatality rates are low at about 1% of cases. Chikungunya - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease associated with urban environments, similar to Dengue Fever; characterized by sudden onset of fever, rash, and severe joint pain usually lasting 3-7 days, some cases result in persistent arthritis. water contact diseases acq

ives the total numbers of males and females age 15-4

his is a more refined measure of potential military manpower availability which tries to account for the health situatio

r of draft-age males and females entering the military manpower pool in an

rence map on which a country may be found. The entry on Geograph

thin its territory or territorial sea; the contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured (e.g. the US has claimed a 12-nautical mile contiguous zone in addition to its 12-nautical mile territorial sea). exclusive economic zone (EEZ) - the UNCLOS (Part V) defines the EEZ as a zone beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea in which a coastal state has: sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents, and winds; jurisdiction with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations, and structures; marine scientific research; the protection and preservation of the marine environment; the outer limit of the exclusive economic zone shall not exceed 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. continental shelf - the UNCLOS (Article 76) defines the continental shelf of a coastal st

ingle index that summarizes the age distribution of a population. Currently, the median age ranges from a low of about 15 in Uganda and Gaza Strip to 40 or more in several Eu

cargo, plus bunkers, stores, etc., that a ship can carry when immersed to the appropriate load line. GRT or gross register tonnage is a figure obtained by measuring the entire sheltered volume of a ship available for cargo and passengers and converting it to tons on the basis of 100 cubic feet per ton; there is no stable relationship between GRT and DWT. Ships by type includes a listing of barge carriers, bulk cargo ships, cargo ships, chemical tankers, combination bulk carriers, combination ore/oil

tries dealing with a country's militar

miscellaneous military information o

names of the ground, naval, air, marine

in percentage terms by the gross domestic product (GDP) calculated on an exchange rate basis, not purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Dollar figures for military expendit

res as an estimated percent of gross domestic product (GDP). These figures are cal

the minimum age at which an individual may voluntee

e expressed in contemporaneous US

the primary national day of cele

es the identifying terms for

. The discrepancy between the amount of natural gas produced and/or imported and the amount c

gas -

l natural gas exported

gas -

l natural gas imported

The discrepancy between the amount of natural gas produced and/or imported and the amount co

re those quantities of natural gas, which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of

al ha

s potential nat

try's mineral, petroleum, hydropower, and

red to as net immigration (e.g., 3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (e.g., -9.26 migrants/1,000 population). The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall l

repancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exp

exported in barrels per day (bbl/day), i

imported in barrels per day (bbl/day), i

epancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or expo

uantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of confid

ntries dealing with the characteris

cellaneous demographic information of

or some other indicator of the individual's surname is apparent in the following examples: MAO Zedong, Fidel CASTRO Ruz, George W. BUSH, and TUNKU SALAHUDDIN Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Al- Marhum Sultan Hisammuddin Alam Shah. By knowing the surname, a short form without

ic Names for spelling place names. At times, however, a foreign leader expressly indicates a preference for, or the media or official documents regularly use,

standing alone is not capitalized. Examples: President PUTIN and President BUSH are chiefs of state. In Russia, the president is chief

rol

try fo

eum pr

try fo

es of pipelines for transporting products like

y includes a listing of significant pol

des a listing of organizations with leaders involved i

the country on the world and within its region. Note: starting with the 1993 Factbook, demographic estimates for some countries (mostly African) have explicitly taken into account the effects of the growing impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. These countries are currently: The Bahamas, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso,

ed on surveys of sub-groups, with the results weighted by the number of people in each group. Definitions of poverty vary c

a country. The rate may be positive or negative. The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing needs of its people for infr

overall importance to each country. This is determined by evaluating a number of factors

ated in a country's home currency. Public debt should not be confused with external debt, which reflects the forei

includes the total number of AM, F

lway network and of its component parts by gauge: broad, sta

renc

cludes world an

willing to avail himself/herself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution." The UN established the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950 to handle refugee matters worldwide. The UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) has a different, operational definition for a Palestinian refugee: "a person whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946

ons by adherents starting with the largest group and

ry authority for use in meeting a country's balance of payments needs as of the end-date of the period specified. This category includes not only fore

ntly emerged as an indicator of certain kinds of sex discrimination in some countries. For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are now attributed to sex-selective abortion and inf

enfranchisement and whether the rig

elephone call placed from the US to Madrid, Spain, would be as follows: 011 [34] (1) 577-xxxx, where 011 is the international access code for station-to-station calls; 01 is for calls other than station-to-station calls, [34] is the country code for Spain, (1) is the city code for Madrid, 577 is the local exchange, and xxxx is

in the air, and on land. Intelsat - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Washington, DC). Intersputnik - International Organization of Space Communications (Moscow); first established in the former Soviet Union and the East European countries, it is now marketing its services worldwide with earth stations in North America, Africa, and East Asia. landline - communication wire or cable of any sort that is installed on poles or buried in the ground. Marecs - Maritime European Communications Satellite used in the Inmarsat system on lease from the European Space Agency. Marisat - satellites of the Comsat Corporation that participate in the Inmarsat system. Medarabtel - the Middle East Telecommunications Project of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) providing a modern telecommunications network, primarily by microwave radio relay, linking Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen; it was initially started in Morocco in 1970 by the Arab Telecommunications Union (ATU) and was known at that time as the Middle East Mediterranean Telecommunications Network. microwave radio relay - transmission of long distance telephone calls and television programs by highly directional radio microwaves that are received and sent on from one booster station to another on an optical path. NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone; an analog cellular telephone system that was developed jointly by the national telecommunications authorities of the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden). Orbita - a Russian television service; also the trade name of a packet- switched digital telephone network. radiotelephone communications - the two-way transmission and reception of sounds by broadcast radio on authorized frequencies using telephone handsets. PanAmSat - PanAmSat Corporation (Greenwich, CT). SAFE - South African Far East Cable satellite communication system - a communication system consisting of two or more earth stations and at least one satellite that provide long distance transmission of voice, data, and television; the system usually serves as a trunk connection betw

- main li

total number of main

s - mobil

tal number of mobile ce

gives the total number of separate broa

in addition to the traditional countries or independent states. Military is also used as an umbrella term for various civil defense, security, and defense activities in many entries. The Independence entry includes the usual colonial independence dates and former ruling states as well as

rr

a brief descriptio

his indicator shows the potential for population change in the country. A rate of two children per woman is considered the replacement rate for a population, resulting in relative stability in terms of total numbers. Rates above two children indicate populations growing in size and whose median age is declining. Higher rates may also indicate difficulties for families, in some sit

ationa

s three entries - Dis

y displaced persons, a

ssues going beyond

es the entries dealing with the mea

s miscellaneous transportation informati

rcent of the labor force that is without job

l length of navigable rivers, canal

FY). The calendar year is an accounting period of 12 months from 1 January to 31 December.

s compiled from material in the public domain and d

ast updated on

=======================

st

from any source, data that may be fragmentary, contradictory, unreliable, ambiguous, deceptive, or wrong. Intelligence is information that has been collected,

ce judges probable outcomes. The three are mutually supportive: basic intelligence is the foundation on which the other two are constructed; current intelligence continually updates the inventory of knowledge; and estimative intelligence revises o

ey been coordinated on a government-wide basis. Three programs have highlighted the development of coordinated basic intelligence since

to leaders in Congress and the executive branch the need for integrating departmental reports to national policymakers. Detailed and coordinated information was needed not only on such major powers as Germany and Japan, but also on places of little previous interest.

ence Study Publishing Board to assemble, edit, coordinate, and publish the Joint Army Navy Intelligence Studies (JANIS). JANIS was the first interdepartmental basic intelligence program to fulfill the needs of the US Government for an authoritative and coordinated appraisal of strategic basic intelligence. Between April 194

urity. He wrote in The Future of American Secret Intelligence (Infantry Journal Press, 1946, page 46) that world leadership in peace requires even mor

1948, the National Security Council issued Intelligence Directive (NSCID) No. 3, which authorized the National Intelligence Survey (NIS) program as a peacetime replacement for the wartime JANIS program. Before adequate NIS country sections

ping the Survey up-to-date." The Factbook was created as an annual summary and update to the encyclopedic NIS studies. The first classified Factbook was published in August 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975 Fa

last updated o

=======================

and Copyrig

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st updated on 27

=======================

hani

tion Afg

kgr

history is a story of

ded in 1979, but was

mmunist mujahidin forc

1992. Fighting that su

n factions eventuall

kistani-sponsored move

il war that gripped th

and were able to capt

liance strongholds pri

mber 2001 terrorist at

tary action toppled th

late 2001, a confere

for political reconstr

ion of a new constitu

October 2004, Hamid K

d president of Afghan

sk is to hold Nation

scheduled fo

hy Afgh

ati

th and west of Pak

hic coo

N, 6

efere

s

r

647,5

647,50

r: 0

compa

smaller t

bound

: 5,5

ina 76 km, Iran 936

, Turkmenistan 744

stl

(land

ime c

(land

im

d; cold winters

rr

tains; plains in n

ion ex

int: Amu

int: Nowsh

l reso

um, coal, copper, ch

on ore, salt, precious

2.13% permanent crops: 0

ated

q km (19

al ha

occur in Hindu Kush

ou

nt - curr

h water resources; i

gradation; overgrazing

s are being cut down

tification; air a

internationa

, Climate Change, Dese

ental Modificatio

ed: Hazardous Wastes,

Conse

aphy

du Kush mountains t

northern provinces

peaks are in the no

rid

Afgha

ula

7 (July 2

stru

(male 6,842,857/

% (male 8,124,077

4% (male 353,193/fema

ian

17.56

17.5

.57 years

ion gro

.

ot take into considera

ing impact

th

1,000 populat

th

1,000 populat

gratio

)/1,000 populat

ra

1.05 mal

ars: 1.05 m

s: 1.05 ma

over: 0.95

: 1.05 male(s)/f

mortali

7 deaths/1,0

deaths/1,00

aths/1,000 live b

ectancy

ulation:

42.7

.1 years (

ertilit

n born/woman

adult preva

(200

ople living w

DS - d

tozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk co

onal

Afgh

tive:

ic g

, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%,

2%, o

igi

0%, Shi'a Musl

gua

ri (official) 50%, P

imarily Uzbek and Tu

Balochi and Pashai)

era

15 and over ca

opulati

e:

21% (1

le -

llion refugees in Oct

ret

ent Afg

try

form: Islamic Repu

short form:

Jomhuri-ye Esla

rt form:

public of

nment

ic re

pi

a

rative d

, singular - velayat)

n, Daykondi, Farah, F

an, Kabol, Kandahar,

gar, Nangarhar, Nimr

shir, Parvan, Samanga

k, an

pend

UK control over Afg

nal h

e Day, 19 A

titu

ed 14 December 2003 -

nuary

l sy

constitution, no law

bliged to create a pro

ial justice, protect

ghts, realization of d

ality among all ethnic

the UN charter, int

ons that Afghanistan s

on of Hum

fra

of age;

tive

dent of the Islamic R

December 2004); note -

d head of government;

, "Father of the Co

rtain occasions, but

honorific is

esident of the Islamic

December 2004); note -

te and head

note - under the new

resident and approved

ent and two vice pres

e-year term; if no ca

he first round of vot

ll participate in a se

r two terms; election

be held

d KARZAI elected presi

unus QANOONI 16.3%, U

STAM 10.0%, Abdul Lati

AL

ative

January 2004; governm

legislation by decree

new constitution, t

of the Wolesi Jirga

directly elected for a

e of Elders (102 seats

or a four-year term,

ils for a three-year

ees for a five-year

ude two representati

disabled; half of the

be

s the government may c

ce, national soverei

end the provisions o

nt; it is made up of

sons of the provincia

cheduled for

ial b

establishes a nine-me

e justices are appoint

proval of the Wolesi

s Courts; there is als

pendent Human Rights C

charged with investiga

war

parties an

olitical parties appro

[Anwarul Haq AHADI];

az TANAI]; De Afghanis

Polal ZAI]; Harakat

NEE]; Hezb-e-Aarman-

AFAREE]; Hezb-e-Aaza

at-e-Islami Afghani

anistan-e-Wahid [Moha

slami Gond [leader NA

DRAM]; Hezb-e-Falah-e

EF]; Hezb-e-Li

istan [Ajmal SOHAIL];

nistan [Mohamma

-e-Afghanistan [Ab

Wahdat-e-Afghanistan [

i Mardum-e-Afghanist

t Az Uqoq-e-Bashar Wa

ezb-e-Istiqlal-e-Afgha

Jamhoree Khwahan [S

-e-Afghanistan [Zulfi

dul Rasheed AAR

ami Afghanistan [Moh

ili Afghanistan [A

ili Afghanistan [S

Islami Mardum-e-Afgh

rdum-e-Afghanista

ardum-e-Afghanista

um-e-Afghanistan [Moh

li Wa Islami Afghan

lh-e-Mili Islami Aqwa

b-e-Sulh Wa Wahdat-e-

-Tafahum-e-Wa Democra

dat-e-Islami Afghani

dat-e-Islami Mardum-

zb-e-Wahdat-e-Mili Afg

Dahwat ilal Qurhan-w

NAJEEBEE]; Jombesh-e

Islami Afghanistan [

en-e-Sulh-e-Afghanis

dee Wa democracy Afgh

zat-e-Hambastagee Mili

an-e-Islami Afghanist

ahdat-e-Mili [Sultan

0

essure group

ety of Islam) [former

slami (Islamic Union

asul SAYYAF]; there ar

and democ

organization

-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO

IMF, Interpol, IOC, I

AD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UP

bserve

epresentatio

n: Ambassador S

lorama Road NW, W

: [1] 202

] 202-4

eneral: Los An

epresentatio

n: Ambassador Z

Great Masoo

180 Kabul Place, D

: [00] (2

93] (2)

descr

ands of black (hoist),

d on the red band;

encircled by a wreat

Islamic insc

y Afgh

y - ov

outlook has improved

gime in 2001 because o

ional assistance, reco

blishment of market in

he end of a four-year

or the southern half

of the past few years

ocked, and highly dep

h neighboring countrie

ecade and continuing d

living standards up f

e world. Much of the p

of housing, clean wate

e Afghan government an

proving access to thes

tructure developmen

rams, and economic ref

ility and continued in

ction create an opt

nts in the Afghan eco

nd a growing opium

looms as one of Kabul

lle

asing powe

llion (2

eal gro

(2004

per

er parity - $8

agriculture: 60% industry:

r fo

lion (20

ce - by o

ndustry 10%, servi

oyment

below pov

(2

or consumption by

st 1

st 10

ate (consum

% (2

dg

s: $300

llion, including capi

-05 b

ture -

nuts, wool, mutton,

ust

ion of textiles, so

andwoven carpets; nat

production

ity - pr

lion kW

ce: fossil fuel: 36.3% hydro: 63

ity - co

llion kW

city -

h (2

city -

lion kW

prod

ay (200

consum

l/day (2

- ex

- im

roved r

1 Janua

gas - pr

on cu m (

gas - co

on cu m (

gas -

(2001

gas -

(2001

s - proved

on cu m (1

po

uding illicit exports

- comm

, handwoven carpets, w

ous and semi

s - pa

a 21.3%, US 12.4%,

po

illion (

- comm

ood, textiles, p

s - pa

7%, India 8.5%, Germa

South Korea 4.2%,

- ext

al debt, mostly to Ru

to Multilateral Dev

aid - r

ges made by more t

l institutions at the

tion in March 2004 re

04

ncy (

ani

ency

F

nge r

- 3,000 (2004), 3,000

001), 3,

hani was revalued and

to the dollar; before

y from the o

al y

ch - 2

ations A

- main li

00 (

s - mobil

00 (

hone

ery limited telephone

rvice improving with t

s by 2003; telephone

0.1 line p

y code - 93; five VSA

Kandahar, and Jalalab

voice and dat

oadcast

ve 1 (broadcasts in P

u, and Engl

di

000

regional stations in nine of the 32 provinces; the regional stations operate on a reduced schedule; a

visi

000

t count

a

rvice Provi

(2

net u

0 (2

cations

s established as Afgh

wing through Internet

that are part of a nat

l Authority for In

tation A

km paved: 2,793 km unpav

efly Amu Darya, which handles

eli

87 km

and ha

bad, S

por

2004

over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524

3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m:

s: 5 (20

ry Afg

ry bra

(includes Afghan Air

(AMF)

vice age and

tees are contracted in

m (

lable for mil

-49: 4,952,8

t for milit

-49: 2,662,9

g military servi

75,362 (

enditures -

million

nditures - pe

% (

nal Issues

- inter

o repatriate over two

re continue to reside

many at their own c

nue to patrol remote t

m organized terrori

es; regular meetings

m to resolve period

nal conflicts over wat

a and Helmand

nternally disp

00 (mostly Pashtuns a

e to drought and

cit

ucer of opium; culti

level of 206,700 hecta

cessful; potential op

heroin production of

source of hashish; ma

ountry; drug trade so

roups profit from the

rope comes from Afgha

dering through infor

ast updated on

=======================

rot

ction A

kgr

Treaty of Establish

f Cyprus, the UK retai

o areas of almost 25

ekelia. The southernmo

eign Base Area, which

n Sovereig

phy Ak

ati

he southwest c

hic coo

N, 3

efere

dle

r

: 123

s a salt lake

compa

s the size of

l: 47.4 km border cou

stl

.3

im

ean with hot, dry sum

ke; note - breeding place for loggerhead and green turtle

aphy

rial rights also ext

es scattered

e Akr

ula

enous in

300 military personnel

tish citizens who are

staff on both Akroti

the base, but d

gua

ish,

ment A

try

form: Akrotiri S

l short for

ency s

UK; administered by

ander, Britis

pi

t; also serves as

l sy

e UK, where ap

tive

en Elizabeth II (si

dministrator Maj. Gen

003); note - reports t

Def

monarch is hereditary

d by the

epresentatio

eas territo

epresentatio

eas territo

descr

of the

my Ak

y - ov

imited to providing se

cated in Akrotiri. Al

ust be

ary A

ary -

AF base, Headquarters

Episkopi S

ast updated on

=======================

lb

uction

kgr

92 Albania ended 46

established a multi

difficult as successiv

ployment, widespread c

ful organized crime n

and disruptive polit

progress in its democ

rty elections in 1991,

rd to the rule of law.

nal observers have j

since the restoration

se of pyramid scheme

he Democratic Party

pledges of reducing

owth, and decreasing

nomy continues to grow

Europe, hampered by a

nd an inadequate ene

nia has played a lar

c tensions in southe

rk toward joinin

aphy

ati

bordering the Adriati

e and Serbia

hic coo

N, 2

efere

ro

r

28,74

27,398

1,350

compa

maller tha

bound

l: 7

eece 282 km, Macedon

negro

stl

2

ime c

rial se

00-m depth or to the

im

cloudy, wet winters; h

is cooler

rr

and hills; small

ion ex

nt: Adriat

ja e Korabit (Gol

l reso

, coal, bauxite, chrom

lt, timber

1.09% permanent crops: 4

ated

q km (1

al ha

es; tsunamis occur al

s; dr

nt - curr

rosion; water polluti

ic eff

internationa

, Climate Change, Dese

tes, Law of the Sea, O

tl

ified: none of the

aphy

ong Strait of Otranto

and Mediter

le A

ula

2 (July

stru

6% (male 476,98

% (male 1,199,964

6% (male 141,559/fema

ian

28.52

27.9

.1 years (

ion gro

(200

th

1,000 populat

th

,000 populati

gratio

)/1,000 popula

ra

1.1 male

ars: 1.1 ma

s: 1.05 ma

over: 0.86

: 1.04 male(s)/f

mortali

deaths/1,00

deaths/1,000

aths/1,000 live

ectancy

ulation:

74.6

.15 years

ertilit

n born/woman

adult preva

A

ople living w

DS - d

onal

Alba

ive: A

ic g

3%, other 2% (Vlach,

Bulgarian)

stimates of the Greek

statistics) to 12% (fr

igi

ian Orthodox 20%,

estimates; there are

s affiliation; all mos

ligious observances p

n allowing private

gua

derived from Tosk d

Slavic

era

9 and over can

opulati

e:

79.5% (2

ment A

try

ong form: Repu

al short f

rm: Republika

rt form:

s Socialist Rep

nment

ng dem

pi

ra

rative d

singular - qark); Qa

it, Qarku i Elbasanit,

Korces, Qarku i Kukesi

rku i Tiranes,

pend

1912 (from O

nal h

Day, 28 Nov

titu

ar referendum on

l sy

stem; has not acce

cepted jurisdiction

ourt for i

fra

of age;

tive

dent of the Republic

y 2

ime Minister Sali BERI

0

Ministers proposed b

resident, and appr

t elected by the Pe

ion last held 24 June

minister appoint

ed MOISIU elected pres

total votes 116,

ative

ssembly or Kuvendi Po

popular vote and 40 by

year

4 July 2005 (next t

ent of vote by party -

PR 11, PSD 7,

ial b

Supreme Court (chair

a four-year term), a

ict c

parties an

ist Party or PAA [Luft

K [Nikolle LESI]; Comm

I]; Democratic Allianc

ty or PD [Sali BERISH

SPAHIU]; Liberal Uni

ont Party (Balli Komb

ratic Party or PDR [

[Idajet BEQIRI]; Renew

Republican Party or PR

[Paskal MILO]; Social

cialist Movement for I

or PS (formerly the A

r Human Rights Party o

essure group

e Unions of Albania o

tional Unification or

ion of Independent Tra

[Gezim

organization

EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IA

, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, I

ondent), ITU, MIGA, OI

UNOMIG, UPU, WCO, WFT

T

ssador Agim NESHO chancery: 2100 S Street NW, Washington, D

ga Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana mailing address: U. S. Department of State, 9510 Tirana Pla

with a black two-hea

my Al

y - ov

European standards,

to a more modern op

measures to curb viol

trade. The economy i

d of $600-$800 million

set the towering trad

out one-half of GDP,

the need to modernize

to consolidate small

ated and inadequate

and sustain foreign i

thermal power plant

tribution facilities

, the government is mo

and rail network, a l

wth. On the positive s

nation has important o

is not a

asing powe

illion (

eal gro

(2004

per

er parity - $4

griculture: 46.2% industry: 25

(not including 352,000 emi

ure 57%, non-agricultural private sec

oyment

may be as high a

below pov

2004

or consumption by

st 1

st 10

ate (consum

(2004

nt (gros

GDP (20

dg

s: $2.0

llion, including capit

n (200

ture -

, vegetables, fruits,

dairy

ust

tiles and clothing;

ing, basic met

production

(2004

ity - pr

llion k

rce: fossil fuel: 2.9% hydro: 9

ity - co

llion k

city -

lion kW

city -

ion kWh (

prod

l/day (2

consum

l/day (2

- ex

ay (200

- im

l/day (2

roved r

on bbl (1 J

gas - pr

n cu m (2

gas - co

n cu m (2

gas -

(2001

gas -

(2001

s - proved

on cu m (1

account

llion (2

po

ion f.o.b.

- comm

; asphalt, metals and

ables, fru

s - pa

nada 4.3%, Germ

po

ion f.o.b.

- comm

pment, foodstuffs,

s - pa

19.8%, Turkey 7.7%

foreign exch

illion (

- ext

billio

aid - r

donors were Italy, EU

ncy (

(A

ency

L

nge r

102.649 (2004), 121

485 (2001),

al y

ndar

cations

- main li

000

s - mobil

llion

hone

despite new investme

remains the lowest i

however, cellular tele

erally

the shortage of fixed

available since 1996;

services at a greate

s Balkan

y code - 355; inadequ

nections; internation

from the Tirana exchan

00

oadcast

4, shortwa

di

lion

broadcast

8 repeate

visi

000

t count

a

net h

(2

rvice Provi

(20

net u

00 (

rtation

m standard gauge: 447

0 km paved: 5,400 km u

erw

m (2

eli

m; oil 20

and ha

rande, She

ant m

000 GRT or over) 40

go 24, roll

d: 2 (Denmar

other countr

por

2004

unways: total: 3 2,438

8 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 91

s: 1 (20

ary A

ry bra

arters, Land Forces

fense Command, Logisti

ine C

vice age and

s of ag

lable for mil

-49: 809,524

t for milit

-49: 668,526

g military servi

7,407 (2

enditures -

millio

nditures - pe

% (F

onal Issu

- inter

nt calls for the prot

neighboring countr

nic disputes; some eth

advocate for a "greate

g Albanian nationals;

nually to nearby Ital

ntr

cit

transshipment poin

cannabis transiting th

- cocaine from South

ted opium and growin

rafficking organizatio

to money laundering as

tics, arms, contraba

ast updated on

=======================

lg

uction

begin attacking government targets. The government later allowed elections featuring pro-government and moderate religious-based parties, but did not appease the activists who progressively widened their attacks. The fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense fighting between 1992-98 and which resulted in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. However, small numbers of armed militants persist in confronting government forces and conducting ambushes and occasional attacks on villages. The army placed Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA in t

aphy

ati

ering the Mediterrane

Tu

hic coo

N, 3

efere

ri

r

2,381,7

,381,74

r: 0

compa

han 3.5 times t

bound

: 6,3

ya 982 km, Mali 1,376

r 956 km, Tunisia 965

stl

8

ime c

rial se

fishing zo

im

d, wet winters with h

d winters and hot sum

/sand-laden wind espec

rr

u and desert; some

uous coas

ion ex

t: Chott Me

oint: Tah

l reso

s, iron ore, phosphat

.22% permanent crops: 0.

ated

q km (1

al ha

bject to severe eart

in rain

nt - curr

rgrazing and other po

ng of raw sewage, petr

ffluents is leading to

Mediterranean Sea, i

stes, soil erosion,

upplies of p

internationa

ty, Climate Change,

ation, Endangered Sp

dous Wastes, Law of

Ship Polluti

ified: none of the

aphy

country in Afri

le A

ula

3 (July 2

stru

(male 4,811,086/

(male 10,861,862/

7% (male 719,460/fema

ian

24.36

24.1

.53 years

ion gro

(200

th

1,000 populat

th

000 populatio

gratio

)/1,000 populat

ra

1.05 mal

ars: 1.04 m

s: 1.02 ma

over: 0.89

: 1.02 male(s)/f

mortali

eaths/1,000

deaths/1,000

aths/1,000 live

ectancy

pulation

71.4

.63 years

ertilit

n born/woman

adult preva

ntry specific models

ople living w

(200

DS - d

n 500 (2

fectious

risk: in

seases: bacterial dia

oid

utaneous leishmaniasis

ions

onal

Alge

ive: A

ic g

99%, Europea

erians are Berber in

y themselves as Berb

Kabylie east of Algier

ith their Berber rath

ve long agitated, so

ment is unlikely to

soring teaching Berbe

igi

religion) 99%, Chr

gua

al), French, B

era

15 and over ca

opulati

e:

61% (2

ment A

try

m: People's Democrati

al short f

umhuriyah al Jaza'iri

'bi

rt form:

nment

pu

pi

gi

rative d

, singular - wilaya);

naba, Batna, Bechar,

uira, Boumerdes, Chlef

El Tarf, Ghardaia, G

Mascara, Medea, Mil

Oum el Bouaghi, Reliza

ouk Ahras, Tamanghas

Tissemsilt, Tiz

pend

962 (fro

nal h

Day, 1 Nove

titu

ective 22 November 19

ary 1989, and

l sy

French and Islamic l

ad hoc Constitutiona

ls, including several

ed compulsory

fra

of age;

tive

ent Abdelaziz BOUTEFLI

ime Minister Ahmed OUY

f Ministers appoin

lected by popular vote

April 2004 (next to b

r appointed b

delaziz BOUTEFLIKA r

f vote - Abdelaziz BOU

ellah DJA

ative

onsists of the Nationa

l-Watani (389 seats -

; members elected by

the Council of Nation

ers appointed by the

vote; members serv

half the council to

ar

ople's Assembly - last

Council of Nations (S

(next to be

ional People's Assemb

party - FLN 199, RND 4

PRA 1, MEN 1, indepe

vote by party - NA%

ial b

urt or Cou

parties an

t or FNA [Moussa TOUAT

YAHIA, chairman]; Isla

92) [Ali BELHADJ and D

Germany)]; National

ional Liberation Fro

general (also serves

ement or Islah (for

Renewal Party or PR

Party [Khadir DRISS];

id SAADI, secretary

vement [Fatah RABEI];

AHMED, secretary ge

Liberal Party or PSL [

MSP [Boujerra SOLTANI

sa HA

litical parties based

arch

essure group

ights League or LADH

rus [Nacera DUTOUR];

organization

F, AMU, AU, BIS, FAO,

(signatory), ICFTU, IC

IMO, Interpol, IOC, IO

(observer), OIC, OPCW

l (temporary), UNCTAD,

WHO, WIPO, WMO, W

ador Amine KHERBI chancery: 2137 Wyoming Ave NW, Washington,

embassy: 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers mailing address: B. P. 408, Alg

descr

nds of green (hoist s

in a red crescent cent

nt, star, and color

slam (the st

my Al

y - ov

r is the backbone of t

dget revenues, 30% of

ia has the seventh-lar

is the second-largest

Sustained high oil p

ic policy reforms supp

a's financial and mac

ubstantial trade sur

e reserves. Real GDP h

ased government spen

iversify the economy b

utside the energy sec

ucing high unemployme

reform within the econ

asing powe

illion (

eal gro

(2004

per

er parity - $6

griculture: 10.3% industry: 57

9.91 millio

ustry 13.4%, construction and public works 10%, t

oyment

(200

below pov

1999

by percentage share: lowest 10

f family incom

3 (

ate (consum

(2004

nt (gros

GDP (20

dg

: $31.47

llion, including capit

n (200

ic d

GDP (20

ture -

rapes, olives, citrus,

ust

as, light industries

cal, food

production

2004

ity - pr

llion kW

rce: fossil fuel: 99.7% hydro:

ity - co

llion kW

city -

lion kW

city -

lion kW

prod

n bbl/day

consum

bl/day (2

- ex

- im

roved r

lion bbl

gas - pr

ion cu m

gas - co

ion cu m (

gas -

ion cu m (

gas -

(2001

s - proved

illion c

account

llion (2

po

ion f.o.b.

- comm

al gas, and petr

s - pa

%, France 11.4%, Spa

%, Belgium

po

ion f.o.b.

- comm

, foodstuffs,

s - pa

2%, Germany 6.5%, Spai

rkey 4.3

foreign exch

illion (

- ext

llion (2

aid - r

illion (

ncy (

an din

ency

Z

nge r

US dollar - 72.061 (

77.215 (2001)

al y

ndar

cations

- main li

,600

s - mobil

,310

hone

elephone density in A

nes per 100 persons; t

the last few years

out two-thirds of thes

cture is outdate

ce in north but spar

12 earth stations (2

tions are

y code - 213; 5 subma

France, Spain, Morocco

unisia; participant in

elsat (1 Atlantic Ocea

k, and 1 Ar

oadcast

1, shortwa

di

llion

broadcast

16 repeate

visi

llion

t count

d

net h

(2

rvice Provi

(2

net u

000

rtation

lwa

: 3,9

88 km 1.435-m gauge

1,085 km 1.055

hwa

: 104

(including 640

32,344

eli

as 85,946 km; liquid p

496 km

and ha

, Bejaia, Djendjene, J

ik

ant m

000 GRT or over) 83

9, cargo 14, chemical

4, petroleum tanker

ed: 3 (Unit

other countr

por

2004

047 m: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 27 1,524 to 2,437 m:

2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 26 91

s: 1 (20

ary A

ry bra

my (ANP; includes La

ir Force (QJJ), Territ

00

of age for compulsory military service; conscri

lable for mil

-49: 8,033,0

t for milit

-49: 6,590,0

g military servi

74,639 (

enditures -

billio

nditures - pe

% (

onal Issu

- inter

exiled Sahrawi Polisa

on of Western Sahara;

itant to bilateral rel

arboring militants and

lations after unilate

ans in the early 1990

04 - a gesture not re

ned about armed bandit

s destabilize southern

n claims of about 32,0

astern Algeria and th

Pastures in sout

ran Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Ti

ast updated on

=======================

ican

ion Ameri

kgr

000 B.C., Samoa was "

century. International

ury were settled by a

ided the Samoan archip

a smaller group of ea

of Pago Pago - th

y Americ

ati

ands in the South Pac

Hawaii and

hic coo

S, 1

efere

ea

r

: 199

199

r: 0

Rose Island a

compa

rger than W

bound

stl

6

ime c

rial se

economic z

im

derated by southeas

ut 3 m; rainy season

October; little seasona

rr

with rugged peaks and

s (Rose Island,

ion ex

nt: Pacifi

point: L

l reso

e, pu

: 10% permanent crops

ated

s

al ha

mon from Dec

es; the water division of the government has spent substantial fu

aphy

the best natural de

, sheltered by shap

ral mountains from h

the South

America

ula

(July 2

stru

.7% (male 10,7

.3% (male 18,35

3% (male 664/female

ian

22.76

22.5

.05 years

ion gro

(2005

th

1,000 populat

th

,000 populati

gratio

s)/1,000 popula

ra

1.06 mal

ars: 1.08 m

s: 1.07 ma

over: 0.62

: 1.06 male(s)/f

mortali

deaths/1,000

deaths/1,00

ths/1,000 live b

ectancy

ulation:

72.2

.62 years

ertilit

n born/woman

adult preva

ople living w

DS - d

onal

erican S

e: Ameri

ic g

r 92.9%, Asian 2.9%, w

2% (2000

igi

alist 50%, Roman Catho

er

gua

y related to Hawaiia

9%, Tongan 2.4%, other

he

le are bilingua

era

15 and over ca

opulati

e:

97% (1

nt Ameri

try

form: Territory

short form: A

viati

ency s

rganized territory of

r Affairs, US Depart

nment

pi

o P

rative d

US); there are no fir

by the US Governmen

ands* at the second o

, Swains Isl

pend

rritory

nal h

, 17 Apr

titu

e 1966, effect

l sy

fra

of age;

tive

ident George W. BUSH

President Richard B.

0

vernor Togiola TULAFON

made up of 12 dep

ent and vice preside

erms; governor and lie

popular vote for fou

vember 2004 (next to

ola TULAFONO elected g

ONO 55.7%, Afoa

ative

islative Assembly con

ats - 20 of which are

d, nonvoting delegat

terms) and the Senate

l chiefs and serv

epresentatives - last

ber 2006); Senate - la

e held Nov

se of Representatives

party - NA; Senate - p

by party - in

lects one nonvoting re

es; election last held

2006); results - E

reelected

ial b

tice and associate ju

etary of th

parties an

a M. TOGAFAU]; Republi

LEV

essure group

organization

subbureau)

epresentatio

rritory

epresentatio

rritory

descr

angle edged in red tha

e hoist side; a brown

the hoist side is ca

authority, a sta

Americ

y - ov

Polynesian economy in

owned. Economic activ

American Samoa condu

d tuna processing plan

th canned tuna the pri

nt add substantially

ttempts by the governm

e restrained by Samoa'

, and its devastating

developi

asing powe

lion (20

eal gro

per

er parity - $8

position

ultur

stry

ices

r fo

00 (

ce - by o

%, government 33%

oyment

(20

below pov

or consumption by

t 10%

st 10

ate (consum

A

dg

(37% in local revenue

llion, including capi

96/

ture -

egetables, taro, bre

ayas; dairy pro

ust

ely supplied by fore

dic

production

A

ity - pr

lion kW

urce: fossil fuel: 100% hydro:

ity - co

llion kW

city -

h (2

city -

h (2

prod

ay (200

consum

l/day (2

- ex

- im

po

llion

- comm

d tun

s - pa

19.9%, Japan 15.1%, N

po

illion

- comm

ies 56%, food 8%, pe

ry and

s - pa

nd 27.9%, Germany 17.1

- ext

N

aid - r

upport from the US, m

9

ncy (

llar

ency

S

nge r

dollar

al y

r - 30 S

tions Ame

- main li

00 (

s - mobil

7 (1

hone

assess

telegraph, facsimile

tellite system with 1

y code - 1-684; satel

(Pacifi

oadcast

, shortwav

di

00 (

broadcast

e cable TV s

visi

00 (

t count

a

rvice Provi

(2

net u

ation Ame

5 km paved: 185 km

and ha

o P

por

004

with pave

ta

to 3,0

4 m: 1 (

with unpa

ta

4 m: 1 (

y Ameri

efense is the resp

al Issues A

internati

ast updated on

=======================

nd

uction

kgr

278 to 1993, Andorran

d by French and Spani

ef of state and the Sp

ystem was modified wit

e government transform

ated and impoverishe

prosperity since Wor

immigrants (legal and

onomy with its lac

aphy

ati

rope, between F

hic coo

N, 1

efere

ro

r

: 468

468

r: 0

compa

e size of Wa

0.3 km border countries: F

stl

(land

ime c

(land

im

cold winters and

rr

ns dissected b

ion ex

int: Riu

nt: Coma Pe

l reso

ral water, timbe

2.22% permanent crops:

ated

s

al ha

lan

nt - curr

zing of mountain meado

wastewater treatment a

internationa

: Hazard

ified: none of the

aphy

s a number of import

re

le A

ula

(July 2

stru

.8% (male 5,47

.5% (male 26,46

3.7% (male 4,780/fem

ian

40.34

40.6

.02 years

ion gro

(200

th

00 populatio

th

,000 populati

gratio

)/1,000 popula

ra

1.07 mal

ars: 1.1 ma

s: 1.1 mal

over: 0.98

: 1.08 male(s)/f

mortali

deaths/1,000

deaths/1,00

ths/1,000 live b

ectancy

ulation:

80.6

.6 years (

ertilit

n born/woman

adult preva

A

ople living w

DS - d

onal

Ando

ive: A

ic g

n 33%, Portuguese 11

99

igi

holic (pr

gua

l), French, Cast

A total population: 100

ment A

try

ng form: Princi

al short f

orm: Princip

ort form

nment

acy (since March 199

incipality; the two pr

of Seo de Urgel, Spai

oprinces' re

pi

ra la

rative d

s, singular - parroqu

ssana, Escaldes-Engord

L

pend

the joint suzerainty

Spanish bis

nal h

itxell Day, 8 S

titu

n constitution was dra

March 1993, eff

l sy

Spanish civil codes;

s not accepted compu

fra

of age;

tive

Coprince Jacques CHIR

ppe MASSONI (since 2

Enric VIVES i SICILIA

Nemesi MARQUES

Executive Council Pr

(since 27

uncil or Govern desig

il pr

Council president e

appointed by the copr

eld 4 March 2001 (nex

0

rc FORNE MOLNE elect

nt of General Co

ative

ncil of the Valleys or

rs are elected by dire

stituency and 14 to r

bers serve fo

April 2005 (next to be

cent of vote by party

; seats by party -

ial b

Tribunal de Batlles;

; Supreme Court of J

usticia d'Andorra; Sup

e la Justicia; Fiscal

nal Tribunal or Tri

parties an

nter Party or CDA (for

Liberal Party of And

Albert PINTAT]; Social

tional Democratic Gr

LEZ R

essure group

organization

IFRCS, Interpol, IOC

HO, WIPO, WToO

epresentatio

ssador (vacant); Charg

-CO

tions Plaza, 25th Flo

: [1] (21

] (212)

epresentatio

an embassy in Andorra

to Andorra; US int

sulate General's offic

Reina Elisenda, 23, 0

3) 280-2227; FAX:

descr

bands of blue (hoist

of arms centered in t

artered shield; simil

o not have a nationa

f Moldova, which does

my An

y - ov

y of Andorra's tiny,

80% of GDP. An estima

ted by Andorra's duty-

sorts. Andorra's com

e economies of neighb

providing broader ava

king sector, with its

lly to the economy. Ag

the land is arable -

pal livestock activi

consists mainly of ci

s a member of the EU

r for trade in manufac

member for agric

asing powe

lion (20

eal gro

2003

per

r parity - $26,

position

ultur

stry

ices

r fo

(2001

ce - by o

dustry 21%, servic

oyment

1996

below pov

A

or consumption by

t 10%

st 10

ate (consum

% (

dg

s: $385

llion, including capi

99

ture -

ye, wheat, barley, oa

ust

y skiing), cattle ra

production

A

ity - pr

k

- producti

ity - co

k

city -

h (2

city -

electricity supplied

es a small amou

po

ion f.o.

- comm

roducts,

s - pa

, France

po

billion

- comm

ods, food,

s - pa

rance 35%, U

- ext

N

aid - r

o

ncy (

o (

ency

U

nge r

0.8054 (2004), 0.886

001), 1.0

al y

ndar

cations

- main li

00 (

s - mobil

00 (

hone

assess

tem with microwave r

en ex

code - 376; landline

p

oadcast

5, shortwa

di

00 (

broadcast

(1

visi

00 (

t count

a

net h

4 (2

rvice Provi

(2

net u

00 (

rtation

269 km paved: 198

ant m

in other

por

(2004

ary A

ry bra

ry forces, Police

ary -

esponsibility of

onal Issu

internati

ast updated on

=======================

ng

uction

kgr

njoy the fruits of pe

002. Fighting between

la (MPLA), led by Jose

the Total Independenc

owed independence from

92 when Angola held n

after being beaten by

es may have been lost

rter century of fighti

surgency and strength

pledged to hold nati

aphy

ati

dering the South Atl

mocratic Repub

hic coo

S, 1

efere

ri

r

1,246,7

,246,70

r: 0

compa

than twice the

bound

: 5,1

ocratic Republic of t

oundary of discontigu

201 km, Namibia 1,37

stl

60

a: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm

im

along coast to Luand

r) and hot, rainy sea

rr

rises abruptly to v

ion ex

nt: Atlant

t: Morro de

l reso

ron ore, phosphates, c

te, u

.41% permanent crops: 0.

ated

km (199

al ha

ll causes periodic f

nt - curr

nd subsequent soil er

desertification; def

se to both internation

stic use as fuel,

rosion contributing

d dams; inadequate sup

internationa

, Climate Change, Dese

er Protection,

ified: none of the

aphy

da is an exclave, sep

e Democratic Repu

le A

ula

6 (July 2

stru

(male 2,454,209/

% (male 3,059,339

8% (male 139,961/fema

ian

18.12

18.1

.11 years

ion gro

(2005

th

1,000 populat

th

,000 populati

gratio

)/1,000 popula

ra

1.05 mal

ars: 1.02 m

s: 1.04 ma

over: 0.8 m

: 1.02 male(s)/f

mortali

9 deaths/1,0

deaths/1,00

aths/1,000 live b

ectancy

ulation:

37.2

.64 years

ertilit

n born/woman

adult preva

(2003

ople living w

0 (200

DS - d

(2003

, hepatitis A, typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) are high r

onal

Ango

ive: A

ic g

du 25%, Bakongo 13%,

can) 2%, Europe

igi

%, Roman Catholic 38%

s

gua

al), Bantu and oth

era

15 and over ca

opulati

e:

53.8% (2

nment

try

ong form: Repu

al short f

orm: Republi

ort form

ple's Repub

nment

y a multiparty dem

ential

pi

an

rative d

ias, singular - provi

Cubango, Cuanza Norte

, Lunda Norte, Lunda

, Uige

pend

r 1975 (fr

nal h

Day, 11 Nov

titu

ised 7 January 1978,

92; note - new constit

pr

l sy

ivil law system and c

te political pluralis

mar

fra

of age;

tive

sident Jose Eduardo

- the president is b

f gove

resident Jose Eduardo

- the president is b

Fernando de Piedad

ster on 6 December 2

n of re

f Ministers appoin

elected by universal

ANTOS originally elec

e-party system and st

rty elections 29-30 Se

eptemb

SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas

sary; the run-off was

the Total Independe

of the first election

ative

ssembly or Assembleia

roportional vote to

9-30 September 1992 (n

0

cent of vote by party

arty - MPLA 129, UNITA

oth

ial b

unal da Relacao (judg

sid

parties an

arty or PLD [Analia

he Liberation of Ang

NDA, Holden ROBERTO];

Angola or UNITA [Isa

ngaged in years of arm

ration of Angola or M

in power since 1975; S

hip: Eduardo KUANGANA

nor parties participat

ts and have little inf

se

essure group

on of the Enclave of C

AGO, Antonio

a small-scale, highly

independence of

organization

G-77, IAEA, IBRD, IC

D, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, I

t), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OA

, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO

a Pitra DIAKIDI chancery: 2108 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1]

epresentatio

on: Ambassador

a Houari Boumedienne

a), L

rnational mail: Caixa

y Luanda, Department o

21-

] (2) 445-481,

44] (2)

descr

bands of red (top) an

ting of a five-point

machete (in the style

omy

y - ov

nomy in disarray becau

warfare. An apparen

e death of rebel lea

sequences from the con

read land mines. Sub

ivelihood for 85% o

porting activities are

to GDP and more than

t still be imported. T

sources - gold, diamon

nd large oil deposits

vernment policies and

ress in further loweri

in 2002, the governm

on reforms recommend

exchange reserves a

rnment spending. Inc

rowth in 2003 and

asing powe

illion (

eal gro

(200

per

er parity - $2

agriculture: 8% industry: 6

r fo

lion (20

ce - by o

ndustry and servic

oyment

and underemployment a

lation (

below pov

2003

or consumption by

st 1

st 10

ate (consum

(200

nt (gros

GDP (20

dg

: $9.013

illion, including capi

n (200

ture -

ffee, sisal, corn, cot

plantains; livestock;

ust

iron ore, phosphate

ment; basic metal pro

ing; tobacco products

pa

production

(20

ity - pr

llion kW

ce: fossil fuel: 36.4% hydro: 63

ity - co

llion kW

city -

h (2

city -

h (2

prod

bl/day (2

consum

bl/day (

- ex

- im

roved r

lion bbl

gas - pr

on cu m (

gas - co

on cu m (

gas -

(2001

gas -

(2001

s - proved

llion cu

account

illion (2

po

ion f.o.b.

- comm

refined petroleum p

fish products,

s - pa

9%, Taiwan 6.8%,

po

ion f.o.b.

- comm

ical equipment, vehi

od, textiles,

s - pa

ortugal 13.1%, US 9.

apan 4.8%, Fra

foreign exch

lion (20

- ext

illion (

aid - r

million

ncy (

za (

ency

O

nge r

83.541 (2004), 74.606

001), 10.

al y

ndar

cations

- main li

00 (

s - mobil

000

hone

lephone service limite

radiotelephone used e

i

stem of wire, microw

pheric

y code - 244; satelli

an); fiber optic subma

ectivity to E

oadcast

6, shortwa

di

000

broadcast

(2

visi

000

t count

a

net h

(20

rvice Provi

(2

net u

00 (

rtation

ow gauge: 2,638 km 1.067-m gau

9 km paved: 5,328 km u

erw

km (

eli

tural gas 14 km; liqu

efined produc

and ha

, Luand

ant m

000 GRT or over) 2

passenger/cargo 2,

other countr

por

2004

with pave

al:

3,047

to 3,0

to 2,4

o 1,5

4 m: 1 (

with unpa

al:

3,047

to 3,0

to 2,4

1,523

m: 80 (2

ary A

ry bra

e Guerra, MdG), Air a

AN

vice age and

mpulsory military serv

ears plus time f

lable for mil

-49: 2,423,2

t for milit

-49: 1,174,5

g military servi

21,254 (

enditures -

millio

nditures - pe

% (2

onal Issu

- inter

es were repatriated b

ratic Republic of the

2005; many Cabinda exc

er in neighb

nternally disp

27-year civil war end

y have retu

cit

ent point for cocain

other Afr

ast updated on

=======================

gui

ction A

kgr

settlers from Saint K

eat Britain until the

st the wishes of t

ingle British depende

al attempts at separat

Anguilla was finally a

ly recognized in 1980,

British d

phy An

ati

tween the Caribbean S

ast of P

hic coo

N, 6

efere

rica and th

r

: 102

102

r: 0

compa

he size of W

bound

stl

1

orial sea: 3 nm exclusi

im

rated by north

rr

ng island of cor

ion ex

nt: Caribb

int: Crocu

l reso

fish,

d u

e lan

ent cr

ock with sparse scrub

l salt po

ated

al ha

nd other tropical sto

ble water sometimes cannot meet increasing dem

northerly of the Leeward Is

e Ang

ula

(July 2

stru

.2% (male 1,56

9.9% (male 4,7

6.9% (male 405/fema

ian

30.76

30.8

.7 years (

ion gro

(200

th

1,000 populat

th

,000 populati

gratio

)/1,000 popula

ra

1.03 mal

ars: 1.03 m

s: 1.06 ma

over: 0.8 m

: 1.03 male(s)/f

mortali

deaths/1,00

deaths/1,000

aths/1,000 live

ectancy

ulation:

74.1

.12 years

ertilit

n born/woman

adult preva

ople living w

DS - d

onal

Anguil

ive: A

ic g

0.1%, mixed, mulatto

2001 C

igi

ist 23.9%, other Pro

hristian 1.7%, other 5

2001 C

gua

h (off

era

12 and over ca

opulati

e:

95% (1

ment A

l long form: none convent

ency s

territory

nment

pi

Va

rative d

eas territo

pend

eas territo

nal h

la Day

titu

ional Order 1 Apri

l sy

English c

fra

of age;

tive

en ELIZABETH II (si

nor Alan Eden HUCKLE

ief Minister Osbourne

0

ncil appointed by the

rs of the Hou

monarch is hereditary

g legislative electio

leader of the majori

ef minister b

ative

ssembly (11 seats tot

icio members, and 2 ap

year

21 February 2005 (n

ent of vote by party -

independents 13%; seat

A

ial b

ovided by Eastern Ca

parties an

ment or AUM [Hubert

sbourne FLEMING, Victo

tic Party or ADP and

illa Progressive Part

c Alternative or

essure group

organization

CDB, Interpol (subbur

P

epresentatio

eas territo

epresentatio

eas territo

descr

the UK in the upper h

arms centered in the o

cts three orange dolp

white background with

my An

y - ov

al resources, and the

offshore banking, l

grants. Increased ac

urred the growth of th

onomic growth. Anguil

to developing the off

owing. In the medium t

rgely on the tourism s

in the industrialize

weather

asing powe

lion (20

eal gro

(2001

per

er parity - $7

agriculture: 4% industry: 1

rce: 6,0

ining 4%, manufacturing 3%, construction 18%, transportatio

oyment

(20

below pov

(2

or consumption by

st 1

st 10

ate (consum

.

dg

s: $22.

illion, including cap

00

ture -

f tobacco, vegetab

ust

lding, offshore f

production

(1997

ity - pr

- producti

l fue

ro:

lea

er:

ity - co

milli

po

illion

- comm

vestock, salt, co

s - pa

o Rico, Saint

po

millio

- comm

anufactures, chemica

s - pa

to Rico,

- ext

illion

aid - r

ion (20

ncy (

bbean dol

ency

C

nge r

per US dollar - 2.7 (

7 (2001),

ed rate s

al y

l - 31

cations

- main li

0 (2

s - mobil

0 (2

hone

assess

rn internal te

code - 1-264; microwa

Guadeloupe and Ne

oadcast

, shortwav

di

0 (1

broadcast

(1

visi

0 (1

t count

a

rvice Provi

(20

net u

0 (2

rtation

5 km paved: 65 km u

and ha

Point,

por

004

with pave

ta

523 m: 1

with unpa

ta

4 m: 2 (

ary A

efense is the resp

onal Issu

- inter

o

cit

or South American nar

nd E

ast updated on

=======================

tar

ction A

kgr

e existence of a "s

rly 1820s when British

h and Russian nation

ic Peninsula region a

. Not until 1840 was

a continent and not ju

"firsts" were achiev

ld War II, there was a

inent. A number of c

stations on Antarc

t not all countries re

framework for the acti

ic Treaty was negotia

to existing territor

ered into fo

phy An

ati

y south of the

hic coo

S, 0

efere

ctic

r

14 mill

(280,000 sq km ice-fr

vered)

continent, following

merica, but larger t

inent o

compa

han 1.5 times t

note: see entry on D

stl

968

ime c

Argentina claim Exclus

ver 200 nm extensio

t like the claims them

countries; 20 of 27

laims to Antarctic ter

ved the right to do s

other nations; als

ationa

im

s vary with latitude,

Antarctica is colde

elevation; Antarctic

her temperatures occu

rage slightly

rr

inental ice sheet an

ween 2,000 and 4,000 m

ers; ice-free coastal

, Wilkes Land, the Ant

nd on McMurdo Sound; g

the coastline, and

of the area o

ion ex

ntley Subglacial

t: Vinson Ma

n land point in Antar

ench; at its surface

orld's lowest elevat

l reso

copper, gold, nickel

nd hydrocarbons have

s; none presently expl

en taken by comm

anent crops: 0% other: 100% (i

ated

sq

al ha

riven) winds blow co

izzards form near the

over the ocean and mo

eception Island and i

mic activity rare and

from i

nt - curr

te data showed that t

cord, covering 27 mil

und that increased ult

ages the DNA of icef

ozone depletion earl

marine plants; in 200

grated in response

aphy

highest (on average),

lar radiation reaches

at the Equator in an e

habi

e Ant

ula

itants, but there a

staffed rese

signatory to the Ant

year-round research st

oceans; the populatio

the continent and its

itude (the region co

approximately 4,000

pproximately 1,000 per

ing onboard research a

summer (January) pop

lia 201, Belgium 13,

inland 11, France 100,

South Korea 14, Nether

70, Russia 254, Sout

1,378 (1998-99); win

65, Australia 75, Braz

9, India 25, Japan 40

, South Africa 10, UK

ated within the Antarc

by members of the C

rograms (COMNAP): ye

stralia 3, Brazil 1, C

1, Japan 1, South Ko

a 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2,

(2005); summer-only

2, Bulgaria 1, Chile

Japan 3, Norway 2, P

den 1, UK 1 (2004-2005

me nations have numer

ummer-long temporary

in support

ent Ant

long form: none conventio

eru (1989), Poland (1977), Russia, South Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Ukraine (1992), Uruguay (1985), and the US; non-consultative members, with year of accession in parentheses, are - Austria (1987), Canada (1988), Colombia (1989), Cuba (1984), Czech Republic (1993), Denmark (1965), Estonia (2001), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1993), Switzerland (1990), Turkey (1995), and Venezuela (1999); Article 1 - area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose; Article 2 - freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3 - free exchange of information and personnel, cooperation with the UN and other international agencies; Article 4 - does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force; Article 5 - prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6 - includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south and reserves high seas rights; Article 7 - treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all expeditions and of the introduction of military personnel must be given; Article 8 -

l sy

tered through meeting

ions from these meeti

(with respect to th

ance with their own n

inal offenses by or ag

extra-territorially;

or example, the Antarc

seq., provides civil

ivities, unless autho

native mammals or bir

and animals; entry in

r disposal of pollutan

in items from Antarc

n Act carries penalti

prison; the National

share enforcement resp

tic Conservation Act

ions from the US to An

of Oceans, Room 5805

which reports such pla

ctic Treaty; for more

ce of Polar Program

Virginia 22230; telep

t www.nsf.gov; more g

a, that is to all ar

h, is subject to a nu

ization procedures ado

ntarctic

y Anta

y - ov

and tourism, both ba

activity. Antarctic f

d landing 112,934 met

of Patagonian toothfis

e Conservation of An

the recommended cat

,571 tourists visited

,588 visitors the prev

on commercial (nong

ke trips during the su

oximately

ations A

- main li

ion for US bas

s - mobil

hone

local systems at s

stic

y code - 672; via sat

tem) from some

oadcast

M 2, sho

ion for US bas

di

broadcast

six channels; Ameri

rk-Mc

ion for US bas

visi

ed at McMurdo

ion for US bas

t count

a

rvice Provi

tation A

and ha

ed ports and harbors

ve offshore anchora

ip to shore by smal

tions have a basic wha

do (77 51 S, 166 40 E)

ly except by permit (

ships at port are sub

e 7, Antarctic Treaty;

ttent; relevant le

dures adopted by th

ating access to the An

and 90 degrees of lat

(see "Legal

unknown length; snow surface skiways, limited to use by ski-equipped, fixed-wing aircraft, are available at another 15 locations; of these, four are greater than 3 km in length, three are between 2 km and 3 km in length, two are between 1 km and 2 km in length, two are less than 1 km in length, and four are of unknown length; aircraft landing facilities generally subject to severe restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic conditions; aircraft landing facilities do not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from the respective governmental or nongovernmental operating organization required for using their facilities; landed aircraft a

3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437

ipo

stricted helicopter

ds) (20

ry Ant

ary -

prohibits any measure

ent of military bases

ary maneuvers, or the

e use of military per

h or for any other

nal Issues

- inter

zes claims (see Antar

); Argentina, Austral

land and maritime sec

the continent; the US

e territorial claims

Russia reserve the ri

sector between 90 degr

with territorial clai

ion to submit data to

ntal Shelf to extend

djoining un

ast updated on

=======================

ua and

on Antigua

kgr

first to inhabit the

but Arawak and Carib

landed on his second

nish and French were s

1667. Slavery, establ

, was abolished in 183

n the British Commonwea

Antigua

ati

ween the Caribbean Sea

southeast of

hic coo

N, 6

efere

rica and th

r

(Antigua 280 sq km;

442.

r: 0

des Redonda

compa

e size of Wa

bound

stl

3

ne: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental

im

little seasonal t

rr

estone and coral isl

anic

ion ex

nt: Caribb

int: Boggy

l reso

nt climate f

8.18% permanent crops: 4

ated

al ha

l storms (July to Octo

limited natural fresh water resources - is further hampered by the clearin

internationa

ty, Climate Change,

ation, Endangered Sp

us Wastes, Law of the

tection, Ship P

ified: none of the

aphy

indented shoreline wi

uda has a very la

ntigua a

ula

(July 2

stru

.9% (male 9,76

8% (male 23,46

.1% (male 1,085/fema

ian

29.67

29.1

.15 years

ion gro

(200

th

1,000 populat

th

,000 populati

gratio

)/1,000 populat

ra

1.05 mal

ars: 1.04 m

s: 1.01 ma

over: 0.63

n: 1 male(s)/fe

mortali

deaths/1,00

deaths/1,000

aths/1,000 live

ectancy

ulation:

69.5

.38 years

ertilit

n born/woman

adult preva

ople living w

DS - d

uan(s), Barbudan(s) adje

ic g

, Portuguese,

igi

tly Anglican with othe

Cath

gua

ficial), lo

era

d over has completed

ool

opulati

e:

88% (1

Antigua a

ng form: none conventional sh

nment

onarchy with UK-

pi

ohn's (

rative d

ndencies*; Barbuda*,

ry, Saint Paul, Sain

pend

er 1981

nal h

(National Day),

titu

ember

l sy

English c

fra

of age;

tive

en ELIZABETH II (si

r General Sir James B.

9

ime Minister Winston B

ch

nisters appointed by t

of the pr

onarch is hereditary;

e advice of the prim

s, the leader of the

coalition is usually

governo

ative

t consists of the S

nor general) and the H

e elected by proporti

ive-yea

presentatives - last h

held N

ent of vote by party -

4, U

ial b

eme Court (based in Sa

resident of the islan

ummary Jur

parties an

r ALP [Lester Bryant

s H. FRANK]; United Pr

oalition of three oppo

arty or UNDP, Antigua

and Progressive La

essure group

or Union or ATLU [Will

ement or PDM [

organization

FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICA

, IMF, IMO, Interpol,

L, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO

, WM

A. HURST chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 teleph

embassy in Antigua and Barbuda (embassy closed 30 June 1994); t

descr

isosceles triangle b

e contains three hori

white, with a yellow

a

ntigua an

y - ov

ominate the economy, a

rist arrival numbers

wever, and pressed the

l-island nation's agri

ic market and constra

rtage stemming from th

uction. Manufacturing

th major products bein

ents. Prospects for e

ntinue to depend on

, especially in the

an one-third of

asing powe

lion (20

eal gro

2002

per

r parity - $11,

agriculture: 3.9% industry:

r fo

,0

ce - by o

industry 11%, se

oyment

2001

below pov

or consumption by

st 1

st 10

ate (consum

(2000

dg

: $123.7

illion, including capi

00

ture -

bles, bananas, coconut

ane; l

ust

n, light manufacturi

ld appl

production

1997

ity - pr

llion kW

urce: fossil fuel: 100% hydro:

ity - co

lion kW

city -

h (2

city -

h (2

prod

ay (200

consum

l/day (2

- ex

- im

po

illion

- comm

%, manufactures 23%,

ood and live ani

s - pa

UK 24.6%, Germ

po

lion (20

- comm

ls, machinery and t

res, chem

s - pa

, Singapore 14.8%, Po

4.7%

- ext

illion

aid - r

illion

ncy (

bbean dol

ency

C

nge r

per US dollar - 2.7 (

7 (2001),

ed rate s

al y

l - 31

ons Antigua

- main li

00 (

s - mobil

00 (

hone

assess

d automatic t

y code - 1-268; 1 coa

n - 1 Intelsat (Atlant

Netherlands Antil

oadcast

, shortwav

di

00 (

broadcast

(1

visi

00 (

t count

a

net h

5 (2

rvice Provi

(20

net u

00 (

ion Antigua

hwa

50 km (1

and ha

t Jo

ant m

00 GRT or over) 5,873

33, cargo 630, chemi

petroleum tanker 1, re

17, vehicl

stralia 2, Bangladesh

2, Germany 849, Icelan

lands 11, Norway 3, Ph

Switzerland 5, Turke

States

por

004

with pave

ta

to 3,0

4 m: 1 (

with unpa

ta

4 m: 1 (

Antigua a

ry bra

rbuda Defense Force:

00

vice age and

.); no conscript mil

enditures -

nditures - pe

Issues Antig

- inter

o

cit

nsshipment point for n

ignificant as an offs

ast updated on

=======================

tic

tion Arc

kgr

e smallest of the worl

lantic Ocean, Indian

an). The Northwest Pas

orway and Russia) are

etwork of air, ocean,

bes the Ar

hy Arct

ati

Europe, Asia, and Nort

Arcti

hic coo

N, 0

efere

ic R

r

.056 mill

Bay, Barents Sea, Beau

eenland Sea, Hudson B

west Passage, and othe

compa

han 1.5 times t

stl

389

im

terized by persisten

rature ranges; wint

old and stable weather

erized by continuous d

eak cyclones w

rr

d by a perennial drift

meters thick, althoug

ness; clockwise drift

arly straight-line m

ia) to Denmark Strait

is surrounded by open

in size during the win

; the ocean floor is

age of any ocean) with

three submarine rid

lera, and Lom

ion ex

t: Fram Bas

oint: sea

l reso

ates, placer deposits,

fish, marine mamma

al ha

ly break away from nor

glaciers in western

permafrost in islands

ships subject to sup

ber

e walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and sl

aphy

he southern Chukchi S

the Bering Strait); st

ia; shortest marine li

Russia; floating rese

maximum snow cover in

the frozen ocean; sno

nt

y Arct

y - ov

s limited to the ex

petroleum, natural

ation Arc

and ha

, Murmansk (Russia

rtation

ocean, river, and lan

ca) and Northern Sea

seasonal

al Issues A

l: some maritime disput

ast updated on

=======================

gen

ction A

kgr

e from Spain in 1816,

olitical conflict bet

ivilian and military f

eronist authoritarian

s was followed by a m

acy returned in 1983,

rscored Argentina's

olid

phy Ar

ati

, bordering the South

and

hic coo

S, 6

efere

h Am

r

2,766,8

,736,69

30,20

compa

an three-tenths

bound

: 9,6

via 832 km, Brazil 1,2

880 km, Uru

stl

98

ne: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental

im

id in southeast; sub

rr

pas in northern half,

uth, rugged Andes

ion ex

el Carbon -105 m (loca

Luis Piedra Buena in

r

concagua 6,960 m (loca

he province

l reso

pampas, lead, zinc,

, petrole

2.31% permanent crops: 0

ated

q km (19

al ha

and Mendoza areas in

are violent windstor

ortheast; he

alizing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, air pollution, and

internationa

vironmental Protocol,

eals, Antarctic Treaty

-Kyoto Protocol, Deser

l Modification, Hazar

Ozone Layer Protect

nds,

ratified: Marine

aphy

y in South America (a

sea lanes between the

(Strait of Magellan,

gua is South America's

the lowest point in t

e Arg

ula

3 (July 2

stru

(male 5,170,721/

(male 12,626,711/

.6% (male 1,712,117/f

s

ian

29.42

28.5

.4 years (

ion gro

(200

th

,000 populati

th

,000 populati

gratio