ction of either type of flying machine, as the flying models vary to such an extent that it i

used to designate the direction at right angles to the movement of the machine. Fore and aft is a marine

distinction: Transverse has reference to a machine or object which, like the main planes of

anches, as, for instance, the monoplane wings, whic

flying structure, whatever it may be, has means whereby it is kept from rocking from side to side, it has sta

to the matter of laterally controlling the flying structu

nes are so arranged that the rear margins may be raised or lowered, independently of the other portions of the planes, whic

t is obvious that the downturned ends, as at D, will give a positive angle at one end of the planes, and the upturned wings E at the other end will gi

cradle would move or rock, dependent on the tilt of the machine. This was what was termed automatic control. This was found to be unsatisfactor

ne side are depressed on one side and

es, as shown in sketch 2. These are controlled by a shoulder rack or swinging frame operated by the driver, so that

the upper planes at their rear edges, and near the extremities of the planes. Operating wires lead to a lever

f the fore and aft control, as well as the means for laterally stabilizing it. In

f the supporting plane, with reference to the frame itself; and the other is the height at which

on, because in initiating flight the rear end of the frame is depressed in order to g

he power, as this will, in a measure, determine the area of the supporting surfac

surface. This may require a 30, a 40 or a 50 horse power motor, dependent

e feet of surface, which would make each 5' by 30' in size; or, it may be decided to make the planes narrower, and proportionally longer. This is im

anes themselves, so that if we decide on making them five feet wide, they should be placed at least five feet apart. This r

isposed rudders, or elevators, they also serve as sustain

, and the horizontal lines C, C, are 5' long, and draw a cross

long, to a point E, and join this point by means of upper and lower ba

ule for spa

the lower plane. Midway between the forward edges of the two planes, is a horizontal line J, extending forwardly, and by stepping off the width of two pl

ame of Cont

. and F

ion of the frame, the planes, their angles, the tail and t

ing plane L, the rear elevator, or tail

, may be made in a variety of ways, the object being

side bars P have the single front wheel axle at the forward end, and the aft double wheels at the

ock of landing. The forward end of the bar P has a brace S extending up to the front edge of the lowe

3. Pla

ngs cut away, showing the general arrangement of the frame, and the thr

e located at a point on a horizontal line between the planes. It may be higher, or lower than the

4. Ali

uire an angle of more than 17 degrees. This is shown in Fig. 54, where the machine is in

ine is banked, practically in the same position t

planes, the propeller V being connected directly with the shaft,

res with the aviator at the set W, the attachments being of such a chara

e. It is graceful in outline, and from the fact that it closely approaches the form

ly, as an example has been disregarded. We are prone to overlook the small insect, but it is, neverthele

ned action of its legs and wings it can spring eighteen inches in the ten

f 800 feet in the same time. The posterior legs of the fly are the same lengt

on Fly. Outst

its body and weight, is no less a

g. 56 represents it with the wing folded, and Fig. 57 is a view of a wi

mmon Fly. F

e size of the body and wing surface. Each wing is slightly smaller than the upper

tive size of

expressed in understandable terms, would be equal

y, with the slightest suggestion only, of a pointed end. Its wings are perfectly flat, forming a true plane, not dished, or provided with a cambre

hich represents the point at which the body will balance itself, and this line passes throu

ody, and the vertical dimension of the body, or its thic

l joint, Fig. 55 showing how the inner end of the wing

machine of 300 square feet of surface, which necessitates a wing spread of forty feet from tip to

ediate vertical lines are then drawn, as 2, 3, 4, 5, thus providing five divisions, each eight feet wide. In the f

Plan of M

point at its rear end, where the vertical control plane D is hinged,

the long tail plane requires a greater angle to be given to the planes when arising; or, instead of this, the pla

th the planes. As the planes are at about eighteen degrees angle, relative to the frame, and the tail plane B is at a slight negative angle of incidence, as shown at the time when the engine is started, the air rushing back

de Elevatio

he tail downwardly, and this increases the angle of planes to such an extent that the machine le

e mounted beneath springs so that when the machine alights the springs yield sufficiently to permit the sk