a, they have been used for many years as toys, and for the purposes of exhibiti

red feet in length, are adapted to sail along majestically, their sinuous or snake-li

must be extremely light, bamboo and rattan are almost wh

, and these sections are secured together with pivot pins C. Each section has attached thereto a hoop, or circularly-formed rib, D, the

, F, which are attached at intervals, and they are placed at such angles that

Ribs of D

p, A, being bent and rigid, whereas the cross stick, B, is light and yielding, so that when in flight it will bend, as shown, and as

The Mal

een found of great service in the single plane machines. A plane which is disposed at a r

Dihedra

planes, or changing them while in flight. If, however, the angle is too gre

on kite, as shown in Fig. 36, has a four-point connection, to which the flying cord is attached. Since this form ha

. Commo

ke the Malay structure, but instead of having a light flexible cross piece, it is bent to resemble a bow, s

ite, Fig. 37, and the sexagonal structure, Fig. 38, t

37. Bo

Hexagon

aves, in 1885, and called the box kite. It has wonderful stability, and its use,

her by means of longitudinal bars, C, that extends from one to the other, so that th

Hargrea

ng cord D is attached at one point only, and the sides o

he suggestion for the Voison biplane, which was o

nd also intermediate curtains B, B. This was found to be remarkably stable, but during its turn

vertical curtains are always in line with the wind movement, and the structure is held taut by a cord, the lateral effect, when used on a machine whi

Voison

with the wings on the rear end larger than those on the forward end (Fig. 41), as t

1. Spe

ite, numerous forms embodying the principle of the box structure we

. Cellu

n a plurality of vertical and horizontal partitions, so that a number of cells ar

small cells, and kites of this kind are lar

phone, gave a great deal of study to kites, which resu

Tetrahe

wn at A, shows that it is built up of triangularly-formed pieces, and that the openings between the piece

successful as a sustaining surface for flying machines, for the same reas

is usually made from stiff cardboard, A-shaped in outline, as shown in Figs. 44 and 45, and b

d 45. Delto

, with either end foremost. If a small weight is placed at the pointed end, and it is proj

planes, gives it good lateral stability, but it has the disadvantage under which all aeroplanes labor, t

The Dunne

is so disposed that when the planes are horizontal from end to end, the

ted is a rotating structure, which gives great stability

In fact, the ordinary umbrella will answer if not dished too much. An angularly-bent piece of

la top has cup-shaped pockets E, near the margin, so arranged that their open ends p

otable Umb

ce with one important fact, which, in its effect has a more important bearing on s

tor in flight next to the power necessary to hold it. Aside from this,

namically, as a plane at rest with the wind moving past it. But there is this pronounced dif

erally, in sympathy with the kite, hence the problem of l

itself, and if we should assume that a plane with a power on it sufficient to maintain a flight of 40

gles of the planes are concerned, with a kite held b

ide to side, but the aeroplane, being free, moves to the right or to the left

plane act the same. Fig. 48 shows a diagram which illustrates the forces whi

es, the wind being 15 miles per hour to maintain the cord B at that angle. When the win

on of Wind fo

independently of it, and its only course is to move up higher and assume the position shown by the figur

the planes. If it has sufficient power, and the angle of the planes is not changed, it will ascend;

to Oliver, a Monk of Malmesbury who, in 1065 prepared artificial wing

rs later, in 1

ucted experimen

ed by Berblinge

rench sailo

glider, and in 1889 Otto and Gustav Lilienthal made the most ext

in 1893 made many successful glides, all of the foregoing ma

bject much study, and in that year made many remarkable fli

ity of man to fly by soaring means, a

the direction of laterally stabilizing aeroplanes. They taught

ns for giving equilibrium to planes, and Montgome

; and all gliders followed the kite construction, or the principles involved in them, so that, really, there is but one intervening step

ation. He may spend a lifetime in gliding and not advance in the art. It is questionable whether in a scientific way it will be of any service to h

on to another; to apply the weight where required instantaneously; to be able duri

like any other experience. It is like riding a lot of tense springs, and the exhilaration in gliding down the side o

s to necessitate experiment from first to last. During the hundreds of tests personally made, and after witnessing th

glider is usually so made that in carrying it, preparatory to making the run

e, as the arm-pits, by which the body of the experimenter are held while gliding, are not at the same point, but to the rear of the h

ut there is another difficulty which is not so easy to discover and so quick to r

of a few feet only, and he anticipates landing too soon, and the moment

ighting. Such a motion naturally disturbs the fore and aft stability of the gliding mac

ill point downwardly, and his motion, as well as the po