h dyers used them, nor are they mentioned in any of the old books on dyeing. The only Lichen dyes that are known generally among dyers are Orchil and Cudbear, and these are preparations of

sed to dye wool, without any preparation. The crottle is put into the bath with a sufficient quantity of water, boiled up, allowed to cool, then boiled up with the wool until the shade required is got. This may take from one to three or four hours, as the dye is not rapidly taken up by the wool. Other dyers use it in the following

oil the Lichen up in sufficient water one day, and the next put in the wool, and boil up again till the right colour is got. If the wool is left in the dye for a day or more after boiling it abso

des which are still largely used in Scotland and Ireland for dyeing wool for

na, the common wall Lichen, which gives a colour similar to that of the Lichen itself, yellowish brown. A deep red colour can be got from the dull grey friable Lichen, comm

ing kept at a moderate heat all the time. The substance having then a thick and strong texture, like bread, and being of a blueish black colour, is taken out and made into small cakes of about 3/4 lb. in weight, which are wrapped in dock leaves and hung up to dry in peat smoke. When

It is found in abundance on argillaceous rocks. It is considered bes

ng woollen stuffs a brownish green colour. In Sweden and Norway, Evernia vulpina is used for dyeing woollen stuffs yellow. Iceland Moss, Cetrar

sted by Dr. Westring of Sweden in his Exper

iver water are added to 1 of powdered lichen and 1 part of fresh quick lime to 10 parts powdered lichen. To 10 lbs. lichen half a pound sal ammoniac is sufficient when lime and sal ammoniac are

wed by anyone wishing to

same species of Lichen grows on both rocks and trees,

beautiful purples and reds, but the colour is not very fast. The dye is produced by the action of ammonia and oxygen upon the crushed Lichens or weeds as they are called. The early way of producing the colour was by treating the Lichen with stale urine and slaked lime and this method was followed in Scotland. Orchil is applied to wool by the simple process of boiling it in a neutral or slightly ac

generally Lecanora tartarea and Urceolaria calcarea; but the following lichens also give the purple colour on treatment with ammonia:-Evernia prunastri, Lecanora pallescens, Umbilicaria vellea, U. pustulata, Parmelia perlata. Several others give colours of similar character, but of lit

R DYEING W

shade is got by first dipping the wool in a strong solution of Crotal, a darker shade by boiling for half-an-hour, and a dark brown by boiling for two hours or so. It is better, however, to get the

ool alternately in a pot, fill up with water and boil until you get the desired tint. Too much crotal wi

rietina). Mordant the wool with 3% of Bichromate of

with an equal quantity of lichen for 1

bear and Logwood, the wool having been mordanted with chrome. A lighter colo

on rocks in woods). Mordant with alum (1/4 lb. to a lb. of linen) boil for 2 hours.

E PEASANTRY OF DIFFERENT C

RED, PURPL

ey. Chutchel

ea. Brown prickly cornicularia. C

ry Lichen. Stag's horn Lichen

. White crottle. O

string's Isidium.

Found in the Scotch Highlands and Islands, growing on rock

ance and England, on rocks and trees; formerly celebrated in the S

ecanora, Black lecanora. Found

Red fruited lecidea.

coloured nephroma. Scotland,

d in North of Ireland and Isle of Man, on tre

d parmelia. Found grow

Found on rocks, especially Alpine, in Scotland, Ireland, Wales and Scandinavia. One of the most extensively used dye lichens. It yields a da

d on rocks and stones in Scotland, Shetland, and Scandinavia. In winter the Swedish peasantry wear home made garments dyed pu

. Mealy ramalina.

ramalina. Scotland, on m

. Grows in the South of Fra

otland, on mountain summits. The colouring matt

lmonacea.

tered umbilicaria. Found on

laria. Found in Scotland, Western Islands, S

sh Urceolaria. In

ria. Grows on rocks in hi

sylvania and South America. On old

Usnea. Pale greenish y

Plaited Usne

S OF

chen, Rock hair. On fir trees

ow borrera. On trees in

lls. It yields a good brown to boiling water, but this

a. En-mossa. On tr

bane evernia. On trees in

l gyrophora. On rocks in Iceland

in Scandinavia. Linnaeus states that it furnis

ia. Ljus m?ssa. O

s. Map lichen. On

stone coloured lepraria

en, on stones. Gives stones t

rple dye, paler, but more permanent, than orchil; which is prepared in Iceland by

laf. England and Sweden, on trees, rocks, walls, palings

-laf. Found in Sweden, Scotland a

land, North of Ireland, Scandinavia. It dyes wool orange and is said to have been used by the Herefordshire peasantry

, Oak rag. Found on tree

TNO

The Dyeing Properties of Lichens." The Edinbur