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Chapter 8 CONCLUSION.

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OF ZOOLOGICAL SUPERIORITY?-?MENTAL FACULTIES

born yesterday. We may remark the extent to which intellectual manifestations of this sort are independent of the more or less elevated rank assigned to species in zoological classification. The latter, as it should be, brings together or separates be

cters in which there may be weak points. The highest in organisation are not necessarily the swiftest or the strongest, any more than they are necessarily the most intelligent. It may ha

oup, to return afterwards to the first. There are not, and cannot be, bonds between a solitary function of the being and its place in cla

the other animals. Our bodies do not differ from theirs; and moreover, such glimpses as we are able to obtain allow us t

ed in the same manner as Man, and have formed the same combinations to protect themselves from cold or heat, to defend themselves against the

re found among the other animals; and we may safeguard our pride by affirming that we need not fear comparison. If our intellig

tno

oires pour l'histoire des Inse

aris, 1830; Histoire des Animaux sans

ue, 1818; Zoologie g

ons d'Anatomie comparée, 2

ntomologiques, Paris, 18

parallel with the insect's. By vigorously irritating the sensory nerves of the hand the boy imparts a stimulus to his muscular system. His act be

orphoses des Sphégiens," Ann. Sc.

ila affinis," Arch. de Zool. expér. et

rs entomologiques, p

nata," Archives de Zoologie expérime

d Sports, etc.,

aux sans Vertèbres, 2e édi

so Réaumur, Mémoires pour d'histoire des Ins

re des Poissons,

ations sur les Abeilles

s Alpes, Berne and

October 1

nd Natural History of the

che Miscell.," Journ. f

des Oiseaux d'Afrique, Paris, 1798, t. i. p. 177), whose ac

. Nat. des Poissons, Paris,

on, vol. i. p

of North American Bird

ety, 1st Jun

es of North American

, see P. van Beneden, Commensaux

uralist in La Pla

r V?gel Deutschlands, etc.,

es erreurs et des préjugés

alist in La Plata,

istesleben d. Thiere,

rs des Fourmis indigènes, Paris

f hunting adopted by these ants, enabling them to keep together. Those

e Amazons (edition of 1

Nicaragua, 1888,

nal observers?-?as well as a summary of the facts known regarding the social activities of ants generally, will b

er V?gel Deutschl

Biography, New York and

ls of Australia, Lo

bhandlungen, Zweite Reihe,

utiously reaches the conclusion that it is very largely due, not to kataplexy, but to intelligent action.?-?Mental Evolution in Animals, pp. 303-316. And for

of Instinct,

uralist in La Pla

South America (First J

Birds (Smithsonian Contributions to Know

oologica itineris Chil

chte der V?gel Deuts

rungen der grossen Wasserm?use (Arvicola amphib

itenkunde, July 1892, and Zoo

depth like the Thessaly Vole, but lives in shallow runs amongst the roots of herbage. Its exploits are recorded in a Report on

ann, "Notes on the Birds of California," Journ. Acad. Nat.

urs de divers oiseaux du Mexique," Arch. Sc

den of the Gods, and the Ants of the Am

enirs entomologiq

found, the Scarab?us always attempts

ief in Harvesting Ants," in McC

ng Ants and Trap-Door Spiders,

aciens appeared in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. xviii., 1866

he Agricultural Ants of Texas, Phi

al Ants of Texas,

e 1874. And see

gua, 2nd edition, 18

ants to plants generally, see Lubbock's An

der Gattung Claviger," Germer u. Zincken's Mag

nted by the numbers of stinging ants."?-?Nature, 27th April 1893. Mr. Romanes (Nature, 18th May 1893) quotes as follows from a letter addressed to him by the Rev. W. G. Proudfoot:?-?"On looking up I noticed that hundreds of large black ants were going up and down the tree, and then I saw the aphides.... But what struck me most was that the aphides showered down their excretions independently of the ants' solicitations, while at other times

res aveugles," Ann. Sc. Nat., v.

les M?urs des Fourmis ind

of Ants, and also by a Wasp. He considered that some species of Leaf-hopper would be exterminated if it

ock, "On the Habits of Ants," Wiltshire Arch.

of Ants to their domestic animals and to their

, t. 7, 1857, p. 299; also "Nouvelles observations sur l'hypermetamo

metamorphoses des Sphégiens,"

for Darwin's opinion on the matter, see Romanes

phila affinis," Arch. de Zool. exp. et

l'histoire des Insectes, Paris,

. Sc. Nat., ii. Série, t. xv

ol. exp., 1

giques, 1879, pp.

adroit fly-catcher, and thus supplies her grub with fresh food, carefully covering the mouth of the hole with loose

de quelques Insectes," Ann. Soc. entomo

2-86. A brief summary of the facts regarding parasitism among birds will b

the Beag

oor Spiders, contained in two elaborately i

th January

, and the gradual development of their skill traced through various species, by

ccount has here been closely followed, Proceedings of the Zoological

vir à l'histoire des Insec

an?aise, Crustacé

vir à l'histoire des Insec

rth American Birds,

f American Birds

rs and Habits of the Troglodytes niger," Bosto

c.; London, 1840, p. 94; also Handbook to the Birds of Australia (1865), vol. i.

to the Trochilid?,

Oologie und Nidologie,

anderings in the Eastern Archi

f Four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentots, 1789; also in Le Vaillant

Birds, etc.,

ology of Northern Africa

ns of, these nests in various stages of prog

ine (Anthophora parietina)," Annales du Muséu

168, 169. See also Burmeister, "Ueber die Eier und Nester einiger brasi

ation et les m?urs du Termite lucifuge," Ann. des Sci. Nat., 4me Série, t. v., fasc. 4 and 5, Paris, 1856. For a description of the South American Termitarium see also Bates's Naturalist on the Amazons (unabridged edition, 1892), pp. 20

e methods "almost amount to language," see Lubbock's Ants, Bees, and Wasps, chap. vi. And for a

rs des Fourmis indigèn

M?urs, Genève, 1

ers, vol. i.

eaver and his Works, Philade

History and Traditions of the Canadian Beaver, 1892; in an appendix to this work will be found Samuel Hearne's classical account of the Beave

of North American Bird

einiger Javaschen V?gel," Cabani

xas, 1879, chapter on "Toilet, Sleepi

bservations sur le

ed and recorded afresh by Mr. Cliffor

Glow-fly," Nature,

t. iv. (1885), No

des Antilles fran

END

IOGR

descriptive. (There is a French edition of this work in nine volumes, but, with the exception of one fragment, it has not appeared in English. The nearest approach to Brehm's work in England is Cassell's New Natural History, and in America the Riverside Natural History.) It is impossible to enumerate the numberless works by travellers and others on which the knowledge of animal

mporary Science Series) he discusses the fundamental problems of mental processes in animals, and the transition from animal intelligence to human intelligence. Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals (1883) and other works by this writer, dealing with the same subject, but proceeding on a different method, should also be studied; and his Animal Intellige

, J. Arthur Thomson's little book, The Study of Animal Life (University Extension Manuals, 1892), may be recommen

ning

Fritz Müller ("Die Pilzg?rten einiger südamerikanischer Ameisen." Heft 6 of Schimper's "Botanische Mittheilungen aus den Tropen." Jena: G. Fischer, 1

, appears to work only at night. A minute description is given of a street of A. discigera, which was 26 metres long and about 1.5 cm. wide and high, roofed in in parts wherever possible. It led to a number of small Cupheas, whose leaves the ants were cutting. In the street could be seen a procession of loaded ants going towards the nest, and others empty-handed, going in the opposite direction. Some of the large work

, and the ants seemed to be very capricious in this respect, o

through the last piece uniting it with the severed portion, drags up the latter, balances it on edge between its forelegs, and then, grasping it with its jaws, lifts it up above its head, so that the centre of gravity of the load is above the ant itself. It then marches off, down the stem, to the base

ke a coarse sponge, in which the ants may be seen running about, and in which, here and there, occur eggs, larv?, and pup?. This is the fungus garden. It is separated from the roof and lateral walls of the nest by a clear space. The walls and roof are much thicker in winter than in summer; one nest examined had a roof 25 c

mm. in diameter, of a dark green colour when quite fresh, then blue-black, and finally yellowish-red. They are penetrate

out at the ends into large spherical thickenings, filled with richly vacuolated protoplasm like the ordinary hyph?. These clumps of "Kohl-rabi" are only found on the surface of the garden, and form the principal food of the ants; they have no doubt reached their present form under the cultivation and

er parts, taking as much trouble over it as over the larv?. They also cover it up again as soon as possible to protect it

nd fresh leaves, they were induced to build in captivity. The dish in which they worked was covered by a glass lid, and when this was covered with a dark cloth or otherwise kept dark, the ants built under it without covering the garden. In this way the whole process was observed. An ant bringing in a piece of leaf proceeds to cut it into halves, repeating the process till it has got a very small piece left, which it holds between its fore feet and turns round, crushing it in its jaws until the whole is reduced to a round ball of pulp about .25 mm. thick. Th

peared to belong to a different genus, and the hairy ants, who live in decaying wood and have small gardens built of bits of wood-fibre, beetle-dung, etc.,

constitutes, as Mr. Willis (whose summary has here been followed) remarks, one of the most fascinating

DE

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