of the nations who helped to create the history of Israel. That history no longer stands alone like a solitary peak rising from

miliar to us, and we can study the very letters written by the contemporaries and predecessors of Abraham, and read the same books as those that wer

first few years of invasion, its influence became strong upon them. In race, indeed, the Jew was by no means pure; at the outset a mixture of Israelite and Edomite, he was further mingled with Moabite and Philistine elements. The first king of Judah as a separate kingdom

to determine how far this influence extended, and to what extent it prevailed. And the result is to show that it was negative rather than positive; that the regulations of the Mosaic Code were directed to preventing the people from returning to Egypt and its idolatries by suppressing all reference to Egy

t Abraham was a native of Babylonia, and that Israelites and Semitic Babylonians belonged to the same race. We have seen that the early culture of western Asia was wholly Babylonian, and that Babylonian influence continued undiminished there down to the days of the Exod

on the banks of the Euphrates. Even the year of Jubilee was a Babylonian institution, and Gudea, the priest-king of Lagas, tells us that when he kept it the slave became "for seven days the equal of his master." It was only the for

ation there were still races living in the lowest barbarism of the Stone Age, just as there were Tasmanians who employed stone weapons of palaeolithic shape less than sixty years ago; but between the civilised man of the Babylonian plain and the barbarians around him there existed the same gulf that exists to-day between the European and the savag

END

AN CHR

f Northern (or Lower), and Southern (or Upper) Egypt. Among the kings of Northern Egypt were (1) Pu, (2) Ska

enes), king of This, who builds Memphis and fo

AST

INI

M

Tet

Ato

A

Hus

ba-pa,

su, 72

hu, 83

AST

INI

r Bai-nete

Kak

ter-en,

as, 70

d, 74

-sen or K

-ka-Ra,

STY

MPH

r (2) 8 years, 4

(?) years, 8

Bab

years, 2 mo

ka-Ra,

19 years

r-teta,

Sez

ka-Ra I.,

ni, 24

AST

PHIT

fru, 2

Sha

(Cheops),

ad-f, 8

f-Ha (C

au-Ra (M

heps

AST

HANTI

-ka-f,

u-Ra,

ka, 2

r-ka-Ra I.

s-ka-Ra,

a-nef

user An,

ka-Hor,

-Ra Assa,

as, 30

u-Hor,

AST

HANTI

eta

ser-

a Pepi I.

Miht-em-saf

Ra II. Pepi

ht-em-saf II.,

r (Nit?kris

S VII. A

PHIT

2 years, 1

4 years, 2 m

., 2 years, 1

1 year,

-en-R

Han

t-sat-

ait-

erhl

.

er-Ra D

.

r-ka

-ka

-ka-R

a-Ra IV

a-Ea

a-Ra V.

-en

er-k

-n

a-Ra VI

r-ka

Ra VII. P

-ka II

r]-k

r-ka

r-ka

ar-ka-

AST

LEOPOL

r Khruti I

.

-ab

user

ote

a-n

es (?

(?)-m

AST

LEOPOL

-ka

.

Amu-si-Hor

.

-ka-R

ti

eru-

me

Papyrus gives 19 kings to th

XI. (T

Hor-ap-maa-Ra Antuf

tep Mentu

] seshes-ap-maa-Ra A

-maa-Ra-Antef II

Neb-taui-Ra M

Ra Antauf, mor

ntu-hotep III., m

'h, a

f V., h

ankh-k

akes the sum of the Eleventh dynasty 24

XII. (

. S-hotep-ab-Ra,

tesen I.,

Kheper-ka-Ra,

em-hat II.

II. Nub-kau-Ra,

tesen II.

II. Kha-khepe

III. Kha-kau-

t III. Maat-e

Maa-khru-Ra, 9 year

a, queen, 3 years,

sum of the Twelfth dynasty

S XIII.

IV. (

to the Tur

ep I. Sekhem

Sebek-n

3 months

m-ka-Ra,

Amon-e

otep-a

ni, 2

-ab-Ra Am

hat VI.,

men-k

tep-ab-

nkh-ka

. Name

ezem-

Sebek-h

Ren-

u-ab-Ra

ezef-

em-khu-t

-hote

ser-e

kh-ka-Ra

...

user-s

az-taui-Ka S

shesh-Ra N

f Ra-

i-Hat

fer-Ra Seb

Kha-k

kh-Ra Sebek

otep-Ra S

rs, 8 month

, 10 years, 8 m

, 23 (or 13) years,

Ana, 2 years, 2

s-uaztu-Ra, 3

m-Ra Andu, 3

Ur, 5 years, ...

emen .

Names

r-khep

u-Ra Sebek

Names

.. me

. mat-

fer-ub

...

-uaz-

Names

Neha

ha-kh

Ra, 2 years, 5

eb-Ra,

zefa-Ra,

z-ka-Ra,

zofa-Ra,

Uben

Names

zefa-Ra I

er-] ube

tu-ab-

Her-

eb-se

Names

kheper

ad-kh

nkh-ka-

efer-

khem-.

Ka-.

efer-

A...

...-Ra,

z-ka-.

-men-

. Name

ekhem-

ekhem-

khem-us

esen-.

eb-ati

b-aten-

S-men

-user-

-sekhem-

even more name

ES XV.,

(HYK

osephus, quote

tis, 13

or Bn?n,

Pakhnan, 36 y

his, 61

Annas, 50 y

49 years

.

hal (Ja

.

nas) S-use

.

-Ra (reigned mor

.

II. Ra-

rary with the Seventeenth Hyksos dynasty

. (revolted aga

Ra Taa

Ra Taa

Ka-mes and w

XVIII. (

ahmes I. (Amosis),

I., his son (Amenophis

Dehuti Dehuti-mes I

n-s

Dehuti-mes II., h

er) Hatshepsu II. Ma-ka-Ra

epsu II. Ma-ka-Ra,

-kheper D

III., her h

ears

1 day (B

, to 144

ding to D

cal deter

n-hotep II., his so

uti-mes IV., his son

otep III., his son

wife

-Ra Amon-hotep I

e than 1

pru-Ra and w

Khepru-neb-Ra and

-nefer-nefr

epru-ar-ma-Ra, m

s) Mi-Amon Ser-khepru

XIX. (

huti-Ra R

, more tha

-Ra Seti

I., more t

ma-Ra (O

n-Ra Ra

) Mi-Am

of the Gre

(accordi

hl

tah II. (Am

ma Ba-n-R

-Ra Seti II. M

Hik-An Mer-kha

Ra Mer-en-Ptah IV. Si

XX. (T

Amon (recovered the ki

is

. Hik-an, more

ik-Ma Mi-Amon, m

-s-kheper-en-Ra Mi-Am

a Mi-Amon Amon-hir-kho-

thern

. At-Amon User

ir-kho-pesh-ef Mi-Amon

-Ptah S-kha-n-Ra

-Ra Mi-Amon Sotep-en-R

-hir-kho-pesh-ef Khe

Ra Mi-Amon Sotep-en-Ptah

ar

XXI. (

idi (Smende

sennes I.) Mi-Amon Aa-

ka-Ra] (Ne

m-apt (Am

. (Os

m (?) (Ps

kha-n II. (Ps

st dynasty was an illegitimate d

r-Hor S

Pia

Pinez

II. with ti

er-Ra and wif

Pinez

STY

ASTI

k) Mi-Amon Hez-kheper-

he Libyan mercenarie

Mi-Amon Sek-

Si-Isis User-ma-Ra Sot

ar

on Si-Bast User-ma-R

. Mi-Amon Sek-

n Si-Isis Hez-kheper-

i-Amon Si-Bast Use

on User-ma-Ra

Aa-kheper-Ra, mo

STY

ab-Ra Pet

i-Amon Aa-kheper-

User-Ra So

rreg

Bak-en-ran-ef. It is overrun by Piankhi the Ethiopian, while Usarkon II

XXIV.

khoris) Uah-ka-Ra,

STY

IOPI

Nefer-ka-Ra, son o

a (Sebikhos

akah) Nefer-Tum-

rreg

. Taharka and his successor Urdamanu (Rud-Amon), or Tan-damanu (Tuant-Amon), make vain attempts

XXVI.

.

(Psammeti-khos

Necho) Nem

II. Nefer

pries or Hophra

Amasis) Si-Nit

III. Ankh

XXVII. (

.

ambyses), Sam-t

(Darius I.)

Tanen Sotep-en-Pta

rish (Xe

arsha (Arta

Darius II.) M

XXVIII.

.

Amyrt?us), more

STY

DESI

a-n-Ra Mi-neteru,

-ma-Ra Sotep-en

er-Ptah-sotep-

neb-kha

a-rut II

STY

ENNY

zem-ab Sotep-en-Anhur,

ar

(Teos)

Nektanebo) Kheper

red by the Per

IAN CHR

anna, king

h, founds an empire in west

OF L

B.C.

dug

vassal of Me-s

rs

aldu, h

na, h

al, hi

tum, h

his brother,

is nephew,

II., hig

, vassal of Sa

S OF

-s

e-U

sar

l-kh

OF AGADE

rgani-sar-al

his son,

sar-ali,

llat-Gu

DYNAST

kigub-

sal-si,

DYNASTY

his step-son, Nammakha

a and his son, Ur-Nin-g

Lag

TY OF

-ga

-ga

TY OF

i-g

t-Is

-Si

Nin

e-D

son, vassal of

DYNAST

II. (reigns at

reigns at lea

eigns at lea

ably followed

Y OF BABYLON

amu-abi, 14 (

his son, 36 (

abu, his so

his son,

, his son, 20

dor-laomer) king of Elam is suzerain, while Eri-Aku (Arioc

the Amraphel of Genesi

6-2

s, restores Sin-idinna

ylo

his son, 38 (

shua) or Ebi

a, his son

, his son,

na, his so

F SISKU,

, 60

ibi, 5

lisu, 2

l, 15

, 24

ar, 55

aramas,

lamma, 2

-anna, 2

kurkurra

... 20

F THE KASSITE

s, 16

i, 22

si, 22

is son,

met

igur

k-rime,

unknow

a-i

-Bel (co

ptian king A

-gal

uryas,

zu II.,

-kha

kharbe I.

usurped by

on of Kadas-man-kh

his son, 26 y

rgu, his so

-buryas,

Bel, 6

son, 13 years (800 ye

su, 8

iddin, 1

harbe II.,

zur, 30 year

years

syrian king

Bab

pak, 15

dan I., his s

um-iddin

-iddin,

Y OF ISIN,

h- ...

nknown

hadre

nadi

adin-akhi,

- ... 1-

surped by Ri

pik-zer-mat

adin,

F THE SEA-COA

sipak,

-zeri, 5

din-akhi

OF BIT-BAZ

akin-sumi

-uzur I.,

ukamuna,

Y OF ELAM,

n Elamite

NASTY OF BABY

abli, 3

II. (?), 8 mo

four name

.

udammik

m-iskun

ladan c

nadin-sum

aladhsu-ik

i-iddin

two names

.

un, son of D

ar, 14 y

umi, his son

his son, 1 mon

NASTY

.

r Khinziros,

or Poros

r III. in Assy

Shalmaneser IV

I the Chald?an fro

of Assy

rib, his

akir-sumi,

ladan III.,

s of Ba

umi, son of S

-yusez

b-Mero

ib a seco

don, his

(Saos-du-khino

(Kinelad

olass

(Nebuchadrezzar

Evil-Merodach

uzur (Nergal-

orosoar-chod), his

id (Nabo

nquers B

s, his

e Magian usurps the

ar III., nat

vaush), son of

zar IV., re

resto

hshayarsha),

ba, rebe

resto

takhshatra) Longi

his son, 2

s half-brothe

Nothos, his

II. Mnêmon,

), son of Ar

his s

II. Kodo

Alexander t

Nabonidos. In the latter the reigns of illegitimate kings, Pungun-ilu, Immerum, and Eri-Aku, seem to be included in those of the legitimate rulers of the dynasty. Immerum, the son o

e date is probably from

-buryas," but since Nabonidos states that a Burna-buryas reigned 700 years after Khammurabi, it is possible that among t

syrians in B.C. 1107, while the Dynastic Tablet places the death of the Baby

I

AN CHR

330 Assyrian kings, among the earlier o

IESTS O

.

Dagon

mon I., h

.

kapka

mon II.,

.

llu

, his

OF A

.

apu, "th

e mon

.

suma-e

at-Assur

mporar

king Khar

.

Rimmo

n-akhe I.,

.

-nisi-su

-Assu

din-akhe

lidh, his s

ri, his

edael), h

ari I., hi

is son (the build

ir I., hi

n and reigns th

al I., his so

-Asaur-

-nara

n, his

urri-uz

ilese

I., his

Nebo, his

-isi, his

leser I.,

-kala, hi

n I., his b

-pal II., h

r-ir

-pilese

n II., h

ari II., h

ir II., h

r-pal III.

er II., h

(Sardana-pallos

n II., his

ari II., h

neser

dan II

-nira

l), usur

Tiglath-pile

rs Bab

akes the name of

, usur

Sin-akhe-erba

ssur-akh-iddin

i-pal, hi

lani-yukinni

-iskun (S

ion of N

e last king but one of the Kassite dynasty, and not rather one of the unknown kings of the

ontemporary of the Babylo

AS CORRECTED BY TH

.

xodus out of Egyp

, son of Ra

III. in southern

am-Naharaim or Mitanni c

King of Isr

of David

of Solom

oam, division of t

stine by Shishak

DA

(17 years

jah

a

hapba

ora

or Jeh

liah

sh

zia

or Azar

ham

az

tary to Tig-l

ken by the

kiah

Judah by Sen

sseh

on

iah

ahaz

iaki

iach

kiah

troyed by Neb

RA

m (22 y

ab

sha

ah

for 7 d

ri

ab

defeated by the As

zia

Mesha of

am

hu

ibute to A

anaz

oas

oam I

aria

llu

ahe

e to Tiglat

hiah

ah

a 733

en by the A

KHEBA), VASSAL KING OF JERUSALE

lord are being destroyed. Continually are they slandering me to the king my lord. But let the king my lord consider, since the king my lord has established the garrisons which have taken the fortresses ... may the king send help to his country. [May he send troops] to his country! The cities of the king my lord are lost which Elimelech is destroying, even all the country of the king; so let the king my lord send help to his country. I say: I will go down to the king my lord, and shall I not see the tears of the king my lord? but the enemy are strong against me, and I have not been able to go down to the king my lord. So let the king incline towards my face and despatch a garrison to me, and I will go down and see the tears of the

s country! The country of the king is being destroyed, all of it. Hostilities are being carried on against me. Behold, the mountains of Seir (see Josh, xv. 10) as far as Gath-Carmel have united against all the other governors and are at war with myself. If one looks, shall not one see the tears of the king my lord because war has been made upon me? While there were ships in the midst of the sea the arm of the Mighty King possessed Naharaim and Babylonia, but now the Khabiri possess the cities of the king (of Egypt). Not a single governor remains (among them) to the king my lord; all are destroyed. Behold, Turbazu has been slain in the gate of the city of Zil? (Zelah), and the king does nothing. Behold, Zimrida of Lachish has been thrown to the ground by (his) servants and murdered. Yaptikh-Addu (

on him? Behold, Malchiel and Tagi (the father-in-law of Malchiel) are they who have done this, since they have taken the city of Rubutê (Rabbah, Josh. xv. 60).... There is no royal garrison. May the king live for ever! Verily P?ru (Pa-Hor) has gone down to him; he has left me and is in the city of Gaza. But let the king rem

occupying the country of the city of Rubutê (Rabbah). The country of the king has gone over to the Khabiri. And now at this moment the city of the mountain of Jerusalem (Uru-salim), whose name is Bit-Bir (the temple of the god Bir), the city of the king, is separated from the locality of the men of K

ay to Tagi and the men of Gath. He is in Bit-Sani, and we have effected that they should give Labai and the country of the Bedawin (Suta) to the Khabiri. Malchiel has sent to Tagi and takes his sons as servants. He has granted all

mother has given to me; the arm of the Mighty King gave it to me, even to me. Behold, this is the deed of Malchiel and the deed of the sons of Labai, who have given the country of the king to the Khabiri. Behold, O king my lord, be just towards me as regards the Babylonians; let the king ask the Commissioners whether they have acted violently (?). But they have taken upon themselves a very grievous sin. They have taken their goods and ... let the king ask (them); they had abundance of food, abundance of oil and abundance of clothes, until Pauru the Commissioner of the king came up to the country of the city of Jerusalem, and Adai revolted, together with the garrison and the dependents upon the king. Let the king know that (Pauru) said to me: Adai has revolted from me, do not leave the city. This [year] send me a garrison and a royal C

WARDATUM TO

h me; my city is restored to me. Why does Ebed-Tob send to the men of Keilah, saying: 'Take silver and march after me'? And the king my lord knows that Ebed-Tob has taken my city out of my hand. Again let the king my lord inquire whether I have taken a man, or an ox, or an ass from him or hi

LABAI TO A

nd I do not withhold my tribute, and I do not refuse the requests of the Commissioner that is set over me. Behold, they have slandered me, and the king my lord will not be hard on my offence. Again it is an offence in me that I have entered the city of Gezer and ordered the city to assemble, saying, 'The king has taken my property and the property of Malchiel.' How could I know what Ma

OABIT

pag

of Chemosh-melech, kin

d over Moab thirty

is monument to (the god) Chem

rom all invaders, and let me see m

e oppressed Moab many days,

nd he also said: I will oppress

is house, and Israel shall surely pe

n it during his days and half the days of his s

aal-Meon (Josh. xiii. 17) and ma

d dwelt in the land of Ataroth (Numb, xxxii. 3)

made war against the town and too

mosh and Moab. I took from thence the Ar

(Jer. xlviii. 24). And I placed th

emosh said unto me: Go, s

ught against it from the break

(therein), 7000 men,

osh. And I took from it the Ariels of Yahveh, and tore

t, whilst he waged war against me, (bu

men, all chiefs, and carried

built Korkhah, the wall

built its gates and

och, and I made sluices of th

rn in the middle of the town of Korkhah

in his house. And I dug the canals

and I made the road in [the

as destroyed. I built Bezer (Deut

ou were fifty, for all Dibon wa

he towns which I adde

-diblathain (Jer. xlviii. 22), and Beth-b

flocks of the land. And at Horo

e: Go down, make war upon Horon

Chemosh dwelt in it in my d

.. An

I

ES II. AND THE HITTITES

pag

worshipper of the divinities Amun-Ra (of Thebes), Hor-em-khu (of Heliopolis), Ptah (of Memphis), Mut the lady of the Asher Lake (at Karnak), and Khonsu the

eliopolis (On), and to Amun of Ramessu Mi-Amun, to Ptah of Ramessu Mi-Amun, and to Sutekh, the strong, the son of Nut the goddess of heaven, that

ors] of the great king of the Hittites, Khata-sir, who were sent to Pharaoh to propose friendship with the king Rame

and which was presented to the Pharaoh by the hand of his ambassador Tar-tisubu and his ambassador Rames, to propose friends

e powerful, on the silver tablet, to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, the powerful-this was a good treaty for friendship and concord, which assured peace [and established concord] for a longer period than was p

of the Hittites, my brother, he was at war wit

y so that the agreement may remain which the Sun-god Ra has made, which the god Sutekh has made, for the p

are the

mun, the great prince of Egypt, from this very day forward, that there may

e my friend. I will be his ally

his father as the great king of the Hittites I strove for friendship with Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, and it is [my w

of Egypt, in good friendship and good concord. The sons of the sons of the great king of the Hittites w

hip, let the people] of Egypt [be bound in friendship] with the people of the Hi

has been plundered from it (i.e. the land of the Hittites). Never let Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, o

of the Hittites, likewise the just treaty which existed in the times

have come to an understanding about it] with one another at the same time fro

ttites [shall come] and smite his enemies. But if it should not be the wish of the great king of the Hittites to march out in person, then he shall send his warriors and his chariots that they may smite his enemies. Otherwise [he would incur] the wrath of Ramessu Mi-Amun [the great prince of Egypt.

wer to kill his enemies; and if it be the intention of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, (himself) to come, he shall [smite the enemies of the great king of the Hittites. If it is n

but shall advance to kill them] ... the oath with the wish to say, I will go ... until ... Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, living for ever ...

mselves to] the great king of the Hittites, the great king of the Hittites shall not receive them, but the great

es to the land of the Hittites, to make themselves servants of another, they shall not remain in

in order to stay in Egypt], then those who have come from the land of the Hittites in order to betake themselves to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, shall not

come to the land of Egypt to make themselves servants of another, then Ramessu Mi-Amun s

ilver tablet, these are words which will have been approved by the company of the gods, among the male deities and among the female deities, among those namely of the land of the Hittite

of the gods of the l

of Sarsu. Sutekh of the city of Aleppo. Sutekh of the city of ... [Sutekh of the city of ...] Sutekh of the city of Sarpina. Astartha of the land of the Hittites. The god of the land of Zaiath-Khirri. The god of the

hem have been associated the male and the female deities] of the mountains and of the rivers of the land of the Hittites, the gods of the land of Kaza

Egypt, he who shall not observe it shall be given over [to the vengeance] of the company of the gods of the Hittites,

e of the Egyptians], because he has not neglected them, the company of the gods of the land of the Hittites, and the company of the gods o

and they betake themselves to the great king of the Hittites, the great king of the Hi

be avenged upon him, his house shall not be taken away, nor his wife nor his children. He shall not be put to death, neither shall he be mutil

two or three, to betake themselves to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great king of Egypt; Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great ki

estroyed, nor his wife, nor his children; he shall not be put to death, he shall not be mutilated in his eyes, nor i

the great and powerful prince of the Hittites." That which is in the middle of the frame is the seal of Sutekh the sovereign of heaven. That which is on the other side (of the tablet) is the likeness of the god of the Hittites embracing the great princess of the Hittites, surrounded by an inscription to the following effect: "The seal of the Sun-god of the c

I

VELS OF

ENTURES IN CANAAN, WRITTEN IN THE TIME OF

pag

esh (on the Orontes) and Tubikhi (the Tibhath of 1 Chr. xviii. 8), neither hast thou gone to the Shasu (Bedawin) with numerous foreign soldiers, neither hast thou trodden the way to the Magharat (the caves of the Magoras near Beyrout), where the heaven is dark in the daytime. The place is planted with maple trees, oaks, and acacias, which reach up to heaven, full of beasts, bears and lion

nfortunate night. Thou wast alone, in the belief that the brother could not come to the brother. Some grooms entered into the stable; the horse kicks out; the thief goes back in the night; thy clothes are stolen. Thy groom wakes up in the night; he sees what has happened to him; he takes what is left,

y accoutred. Let thy ear be full of

ught to her in boats. She is richer in fish than in sand. I will tell thee of something else. Dangerous is it to enter into Zorah. Thou wilt say it is burning with a very painful sting (?) Mohar, come! Go forward on the way to the land of Pa-Kakina. Where is the road to Achshaph? Towards no city. Pray look at the mountain of User. How is its crest? Where is the mountain of Shechem? Who

he name of Khalza in the land of Aupa, the bull on its frontiers (?). Here is the place where all the mighty warriors are seen. Be good enough to look and see how Qina is situated, and tell me about Rehob. Describe Beth-sha-el (Bethel) along with Tarqa-el. The ford of the land of the Jordan, how is

(The lions) measured fourteen cubits by five cubits. Their noses reached to the soles of their feet. Of a grim appearance, without softness, they cared not for caresses. Thou art alone, no stronger one is with thee, no armée is behind thee, no Ariel (see 2 Sam. xxiii. 20, Isa. xxix. 1) who prepares the way for thee, and gives thee counsel on the road before thee. Thou knowest not the road. The hair on thy head stands on end; it bristles up. Thy soul is given into thy hands. Thy path is full of rocks and boulders, there is no way out near; it is overgrown with creepers and wolf's-foot. Abysses are on one side of thee, the mountain and the wall of rock on the other. Thou drivest in agai

hy attraction

eservation to being a Mohar. Thy girdle of the finest stuff, thou payest it as the price of a bad rag. Thou sleepest every evening with a rug of fur over thee. Thou sleepest a deep sleep, for thou art weary. A thief takes thy bow and thy sword from thy side; thy quiver and thy armour are broken to pie

workshops of the carpenters; the handi-craftsmen and soldiers are at hand; they do whatever thou requirest. They put together thy chariot: they put aside the parts of it that have been made useless; thy spokes are fa?onné quite new; thy wheels a

n the battlefield, to do the deeds o

s power, who leads the jeunesse, a chief in the arm

not to me thy opinion. Come, I will tell thee all

its fortress? Come, I pray thee, to the palace of the land of Uzi, of Sesostris Osymandyas in his victories, to Saz-el together with Absaqbu. I will inform thee of the land of Ainin (the Two Springs), the customs of which thou knowest not. The land of the la

ons Brugsch endeavours to represent the Canaanitish terms whi

CONFESSION OF

age Renouf's

pag

of the dead man was required to make before Osiris and the forty-two divine judge

l of the dead man) may be loosed from all the sins which he ha

hee, mighty God, lo

of the forty-two gods who make their appearance with thee in the Hall of Righteousness; devouring those who harbour

r of Eyes, Lord of Righ

e; I bring to thee Right an

doer of w

who slayeth

o telleth lies

onscious o

a doer of

fruits of each day more work

o the Bark of the go

ansgressor ag

t a tal

t a det

of that which

ervant with

e no f

e not

ot a m

t orders

ot suffer

the offering

t the cakes

dead of their

t an ad

the sanctuary of t

nor diminish the

o shorteneth th

utteth short the f

re upon the beam

milk from the m

e cattle from

irds of the man

the fish of

water at its

arm of the wat

the lamp during i

Divine Circle of thei

the cattle of t

god when he

m pure, I am p

AMRAPHEL OP GEN. xiv. 1) TO SIN-IDINNAM

to you on the day of the defeat of Kudur-Laghghamar (Chedor-laomer). Because they have supported you

as and Nur-Nintu, the sons of Gisdubba, that if they are in Larsa or in the territory of Larsa you will order them

plishment of their work, do not impose upon them any additional task, but oblige them to do what

by the Elamite invader Eri-Aku or Arioch, and had taken refuge at the court of Khammurabi in Babylon. Af

AN ACCOUNT O

e thus unto him,

thee, O Gilgames, the t

of the gods let me

h, as thou knowest, is built

already) old when

to cause a flood,

exist: Anu the

rior Bel t

e-bearer, En-nugi

of wisdom confer

o the reed-bed: 'Reed-bed,

d-bed, and unde

Surippak, son

uild a ship: leave wha

goods, and cause

e seed of life into

ship which th

hall be in measu

he extent of its bre

deep [then]

ood and spake

f the ship, O my lord, whi

bserve and a

answer the city, the

and] says, he speaks to

tion thee] thou sh

Bel is estrang

ur city, I will not lay my

into the deep; with [Ea

ll rain fert

of birds, sho

to 42 a

y I laid the plan o

its walls were 10 ga

e the size of

preserved, puts a wholly different speech into the mouth of Ea, and gives t

ge him abov

[not thou

me that I shal

hip, and close the

hy corn, thy good

es, thy handmaids, a

op

field, the beasts of

poin

(the time), and th

reserve

opened his m

to Ea [h

has ever made a s

d sail over t

roken off. The other v

ed its side, a

reys (?), I divided

or I divided i

rked (?) tim

the rudder and add

sars of pitch o

sars of bitumen

did the men carry

r of oil for th

oil the sailor

orkmen?] I sla

led [shee

wine, oil

ng] the people like th

ival like the festi

ipped my ha

Sun-god): 'The storeys (?

... is s

) I introduced

ld be saved?] went

ed it; with all the silve

e gold I posses

ssed of the seed of life

the ship all my sla

sts of the field, the sons of my peo

god appointe

the night will I cause the

ship, and cl

near whereof he u

ll I cause the heaven

th dread the daw

ed to beho

nto the ship an

d the ship, to Buzur

the palace wit

ari (the waters of

e horizon of heav

Rimmon thundered

odach the king m

rers marched over

d of death lets l

causing the stor

he underworld lifted

ing of them they se

of the storm-god

light was turne

th like ... [m

s are lo

s brother, men knew not o

s feared th

o ascend to th

red like a dog wh

ed like a wom

goddess spoke w

r generation is

I prophesied in the

sied evil in the p

e storm for the dest

have home,

wn of the fish it

her because of the spi

s sat deject

lips were

days an

d; the flood and t

when it arrived the f

had fought

bsided, and the tempest

the deep and

le of mankind wa

nks of trees did

indow and the light

ed, and sat

my face ra

d a shore be

times distan

tain of Nizir th

ntry of Nizir held the ship

cond day did the moun

fourth day did the mo

sixth day did the mou

day came I sent fort

rned; a resting-place it fo

low and let it go; the s

ace it found not

orth a raven

and saw the going do

t waded, it croaked a

hing) to the four points of th

ltar on the summi

bation-vases

piled up reeds, ce

he savour, the gods s

ered like flies ov

moment of her comi

bow which Anu had made a

e said), 'by my neckla

ll think of them and

e gods come

t not Bel com

unsel but caused a flood and

the moment of

e ship and

rath at the gods, the spi

come forth, let no man

outh and says, he spe

ept Ea can de

erstands all ki

uth and speaks, he sa

the seer of the

hou not take counsel, b

is own sin, (let) the evil-d

not cut off, be merciful t

g a deluge, let lions

a deluge, let hy?nas c

luge, let there be a famine

deluge, let the plague-g

l (to men) the oracl

Adra-khasis and he hear

took counsel and asc

nd and caused me,

fe (also, and) caused

nd stood between us; h

Sisuthros has b

d his wife shall be like unt

dwell afar at the m

ar, at the mouth of the

I

IAN EPIC OF

LET

en above was

beneath had r

ist?) deep was

chaos of the sea

m a

were embosome

unharvested, the re

not yet appeared

ey recorded, no de

eat gods we

hamu issued fo

ey grew

the upper and low

ea

ys, extended [wa

u, Bel, and

Kisar gave

ned] its mout

the gloriou

their

rthrow the

arise, let comp

t [undertake

shall be d

mmu answered [his

[shall be

darkened, let [it

m and [his] counten

d they agai

of the gods, lifted

h

er forces,

themselves tog

ad been created ma

day they fol

mischief, untirin

he conflict, f

selves together an

p (?) (Khubur), the c

eapons, creating m

gs, unsparing

blood she fill

rs she clothe

ith fear, and rai

ir appea

odies that none m

ea

er, the horrible se

, the raging dog,

e fish-man and t

hat spare not, who

rt, unconquerab

ght create (?) eleve

sons, whom she had

ngu, and magnifi

re the host, b

o be uplifted and t

e first in the conf

ct

and and set hi

spell for thee; ex

o

nion over a

be exalted, thou

sb

e magnified over

m the tablets of de

is b

e obeyed, let the

blis

alted himself, an

god of

r the gods her so

your mouth shall

ri (i.e. Kingu) shal

LET

speech of Ans

ther has risen

er forces,

ited themselves

as been created ma

y they have fo

mischief, untirin

he conflict, f

hemselves together a

deep (?), the crea

s weapons, creating

gs, unsparing

blood she has fi

s she has clot

m with fear, and r

ir appea

huge so that none

ea

adder, the horrible

, the raging dog,

ish-man (Aquarius),

a

hat spare not, who

rt, unconquerab

ay create (?) eleve

sons, whom she has

Kingu and magnif

he host,' (she has

u

o be uplifted and t

rst in the conflict,

s hand and seate

spell for thee; ex

o

nion over a

be exalted, thou

sb

e magnified over

iven him the tablet

n his

e obeyed, let the

blis

lted himself, and

r the gods her so

your mouth shall

idmuri shall dis

this, his heart] wa

and his l

heart g

..hi

determined

] his father (Ea)

t become the lo

Tiamat will

rd] the words

of his heart he s

ds, offspring (?)

I am you

erpower and

ssembly, prepar

bsugina (the seat of

ike you will I

e shall neve

shall never go back

LET

nsar opened

messenger] he u

a] who rejoic

d Lakh]amu wi

y heart] thou sha

ur son, ha

heart he has c

her has risen

er forces,

hem, have united t

as created mar

y they have fo

mischief, untirin

he conflict, f

themselves together

deep (?), the crea

rious weapons, creat

ngs, unsparin

blood she has fi

s she has clot

m with fear, and r

ir appea

huge so that none ma

adder, the horrible

, the raging dog,

the fish-man

at spare not, who fe

rt, unconquerab

e may have eleve

sons, whom she has

Kingu and magnif

re the host, b

o be uplifted and t

in the conflict, th

is hand and set

pell for thee, exalt

nion over a

exalted, thou that

e magnified over

ablets of destiny, and

yed; let the word of th

lted himself and m

r the gods her so

your mouth shall

idmuri shall dis

nu, but he wou

ified and t

h, the counsellor o

amat his hea

s mouth and

indeed yo

verpower, y

ssembly, prepar

into Ubsugina

you, will I then p

e shall neve

shall never go back

d determine at once

forth and meet

hamu heard thi

en, all of them,

ey who thus des

rstand the [des

e together an

l of them, who det

(?) Ansar, they f

on the other in

the feast, [they

ead, they d

y wine they fil

, and delighted

ended into t

destiny of Meroda

LET

him on a pri

ers he seated h

glorious among

no rival, thy

orward unchange

ow entreat

h be established, thy ju

the gods over

(thy hand) founded t

their gathering (

hou art he th

overeignty over the mul

nsel, let thy w

victorious, may thi

the soul of him who put

oul of the god who

hey in their

Merodach the

, O lord, excel

and creation, and

that it may de

nd the robe sha

th his mouth de

gain, and the ro

rs beheld (the power) o

they saluted Me

him the sceptre, th

pon unrivalled, con

) 'and cut off th

rry her blood to

fathers, determined

and they bade him li

e bow and used i

ub swing, he f

weapon which he caused

e quiver he hu

lightning

flame he fil

et to enclose th

inds that they might

rth wind, the east win

the net, the gift

nd, the hostile wind,

ven winds, the whirlwi

e had created to issu

agon Tiamat, as th

up the Deluge, h

riot incomparabl

d harnessed four

spare not, spi

teeth, that

to sweep away

t] ... might

eft they

before

feast] the god

n and] satisfy th

bread], let th

their seats?] and

ga, approach

m [the message I

ur son, ha

heart he has c

ther, has rise

er forces,

hem, have united t

created you mar

y they have fo

mischief, untirin

he conflict, f

hemselves together a

deep(?), the cre

ious weapons, creatin

gs, unsparing

blood she has fi

s she has clot

m with fear, and r

earance,' (she

w huge so that none m

adder, the horrible

, the raging dog,

the fish-man

hat spare not, who

rt, unconquerab

e may have eleve

sons, whom she has

Kingu and magnif

re the host, b

o be uplifted and t

rst in the conflict,

is hand and set

or thee,' (she has said); '

nion over a

exalted, thou that

e magnified over

m the tablets of destiny,

yed, let the word of th

lted himself and m

he gods, her so

your mouth shall

idmuri shall dis

nu, but he wou

ified and t

odach, the counsellor

amat his hea

s mouth and

eed am yo

erpower and

ssembly, prepar

into Ubsugina

e you will I pron

e shall neve

shall never go back

d determine for him

rward and meet yo

a and complet

Lakhamu the go

lf and kissed the g

and stood up an

thed wi

d terror he co

his way, he made

iamat [stood] he tur

lip he ke

er holds

extolled him, the

rs, extolled him, t

, eager for the st

ctory over Kin

him, her resolut

was overthrown, he

s helpers, who m

ach) the prince a

n Tiamat, yet she

le lips she ut

Bel, enter on b

gathered together

the Deluge, his

had raised herself (

[below,' he crie

s urged thee] to

from] their fath

m around thee] and rais

made] Kingu

towed on] him

hast devi

my fathers, hast tho

fettered, thy weap

and thou will

amat he

rmer spells, she r

out vehemently w

she rocked hers

incantation, sh

ttle demand for th

d Merodach the coun

joined; they en

ed his net an

t seizes behind h

d her mouth

to enter so that she c

he winds tortured

trated, and her mo

lub; he shatte

entrails; he di

ed her and e

her corpse; he

marched before t

forces, her hos

r allies who ma

eared and turn

way to save

ne another, fle

them and bro

and they are ca

the world with th

sin and are sh

d creatures are t

ts (?) who marche

fetters and [bi

their opposit

who [had been made

and did to him as

e tablets of destiny [t

his pen and hung the

had bound and ove

strious foe cap

tion the victory of Ans

ch (thus) performe

ondage he strength

ds Tiamat whom he

pled on the b

at spares not he

nd caused her

bore it away to

beheld, they rejo

-offerings to b

sted; his

s mind (?), he for

like a fish of her

nd with it oversha

the skin, he ap

her waters shoul

sky, the sanct

r against the dee

ured the form

it he made E-Sarra (

per firmament, which

and Ea to inhabit a

LET

tations of th

ven the twin-stars, t

appointing the signs

welve months he f

the year issues

on of Jupiter that they

r, that they might not

tation of Bel and Ea

o the gates o

hened on the left ha

midst he se

on-god that he might

uardian of the night tha

month, without break

of the month, whe

horns that the

nth day, ha

the Sabbath with

of the sun [rise

the fourteenth day]

raw near to the

upright against it f

ET V

r assembly creat

fect the migh

ng creatures of the

ld beasts of the field, and the

ations] for the living

-places] of the cattle and

e of creeping things, all t

I

OF THE CREATION FRO

of the gods, in the holy place (

ought forth, no tre

n made, no roof

built, no city had

made, no dwelli

E-kur (the temple of Nippur

E-Ana (the temple of Erech

n created, Eridu had

temple of the gods, its

nds we

e sea there ar

was built, E-Sagil

od Lugal-du-azaga dw

ilt, E-Sagila

its of the earth were

eat of the joy of their hear

ogether a reed-b

he poured it out

well in a seat of the

med ma

eated the seed of ma

he field and the living

nd Euphrates and set

their name

ant of the marshland, the re

he verdure o

arshes, and the

wild ox and its young,

and fore

he gazelle brough

up an embankment at

ad not befo

aused it

e made in

s he con

ilt], cities

], dwelling-pla

ilt], E-kur h

lt], E-Ana he