OF TRAN

titution, Burea

D.C., Octo

my Seventh Annual Report as Dire

ureau; the second part consists of a series of papers on anthropologic subjec

rt and your wise counsel relating to the work under

pencer

the Smithsoni

ANNUAL

T

OF ET

Powell,

ODUC

orth American Indians, in accordance with act of Con

ecuted in former years, and which has been explain

each of these special students was engaged during the year, with its condensed result, is presented below. This, however, does not specify in detail all of the studies undertaken or services rendered by them, as particular lines of research have been temporarily suspended in or

Bureau. Their contributions, whether in the shape of suggestion or of extended communications, will be gratefully acknowledged and carefully considered. If published in whole

ecuted in the field, and the second to the office work, which consists largely of the preparation for publication of the results of

LD

s in Stone Villages; and, third, General Field Studies, among which those upon m

EXPLOR

ROF. CYRU

Prof. Cyrus Thomas, was carried on during the fiscal year wi

ts scope, which embraces, as contemplated in its organization, a careful examination and study of the archeologic remains in the United States east of the Rocky Mount

articulars and the vestiges of art and human remains found in them. The study of these works in their relation to each other and their segregation into groups, and of the mural works, inclosures, and works of defense, is important in the attempt to obtai

nsin, engaged in investigating and studying the eff

nt assistants during the year; Mr. Charles M. Smith, Rev. S. D. Peet, and

, the former surveying the groups of effigy mounds and the latter exploring the conical tumuli. When the weather became too cold for operati

eton was called to the office to assist in that preparation, where he remained, preparing maps and plats and making a catalogue of the collections,

ust, during which time Prof. Thomas was in the field, as before mentioned. He was engaged du

f Wisconsin and the areas formerly occupied by the several Indian tribes which are known to have inhabited that region. In addit

stigating the ancient works in southwestern Pennsylvania; and Mr. Reynolds, during

ork accomplished was equal to that done in previous years. Although, as before stated, one of the assistants, Mr. Middleton, was chiefly engaged, while in the f

NS IN STON

RECTOR J.

tures are found which have greatly interested travelers and anthropologists, and about which various theories have grown. The results of the

place a village site was discovered, in which several hundred people once found shelter. To the north of this and about twenty-five miles from the summit of San Francisco Peak there is a volcanic cone of cinder and basalt. This small cone had been used as the site of a village, a pueblo having been built around the crater. The materials of construction were derived from a great sandstone quarry near by, and the pit from which they were taken was many feet in depth and extended over two or three acr

. The smaller chambers are sometimes at the same altitude as the central or principal one, and sometimes at a lower altitude. About one hundred and fifty of these chambers have been excavated. Most of them are now partly filled by the caving in of the walls and ceilings, but some of them are yet in a good state of preservation. In these chambers, and about them on the summit and sides of the cinder cone, many stone implements were found, especially metates. Some bone implements also were discovered.

plaza was found, much like the one previously described. But the most interesting part of this village was on the cliff which rose on the northwest side of the crater. In this cliff are many natural caves, and the caves themselves were utilized as dwellings by inclosing them in front with walls made of volcanic rocks and cinders. These cliff dwellings are placed tier above tier, in a very irregular way. In many cases natural caves were thus utilized; in other cases ca

sandstones rapidly disintegrate, and the harder sandstones and limestones remain. Thus broad shelves are formed on the sides of the cliffs, and these shelves, or the deep recesses between them, were utilized, so that here is a village of cliff dwellings. There are several hundred rooms altogether. The rooms are of sandstone, pretty carefully worked and laid in mortar, and the interior of the room

the ordinary pueblo type. From the evidence presented it would seem that they had all been occupied

pation and of their expulsion by the Spaniards, that no doubt can be entertained of the truth of their traditions in this respect. The Indians of Cataract Canyon doubtless lived on the north, east, and south of San Francisco Mountain at the time this country was discovered by the Spaniards, and th

of volcanic sands and ashes, and many of the strata are exceedingly light and friable. The specific gravity of some of these rocks is so low that they will float on water. Into the faces of these cliffs, in the friable and easily worked rock, many chambers have been excavated; for mile after mile the cliffs are studded with them, so that altogether there are many thousands. Sometimes a chamber or series of chambers is entered from a terrace, but usually they were excavated many feet above any landing or terrace below, so that they could be reached only by ladders. In other places artificial terraces were built by constructing retaining walls and filling the interior next to the cliff with loose rock and sand. Very often steps were cut into the face of a cliff and a rude stairway formed by which chambers could be reached. The chambers were very irregularly arranged and very irregular in size and structure. In many cases there is a central chamber, which seems to have been a general living room for the people, back of which two, three, or more chambers somewhat smaller are found. The chambers occupied by one family are sometimes connected with those occupied by another family, so that two or three or four sets of

esa had at least one ancient pueblo upon it, evidently far more ancient than the cavate dwellings found in the face of the cliffs. It is, then, very plain that the cavate d

soon obtained. His statement was that originally his people lived in six pueblos, built of cut stone, upon the summit of the mesas; that there came a time when they were at war with the Apaches and Navajos, when they abandoned their stone pueblos above and for greater protection excavated the chambers in the cliffs below; that when this war ended part of them returned to the pueblos above, which were rebuilt; that there afterward came another war, with the Comanche Indians, and they once more resorted to cliff dwellings. At the close of this war they built a pueblo

e effect. It is therefore evident that the cavate dwellings of the Santa Clara region belong to a people still

y to prepare models. Photographic views and sketches were also procured with whi

R. JAMES

and to make collections of such implements and utensils as illustrate their arts and industries. Several months were spent among the villages, resulting in a large collection of rare objects, all of which were selected with special

f which full notes were taken. Sketches were made of their masks

nce, or medicine ceremony, of the Navajos, called the Yéibit-cai. She made complete

CTOR MINDELEFF AND

nning of the fiscal year at work among the Moki towns in Arizona, in charge of a party. Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff left Washington on July 6 for the same locality.

cinity. The main camp was established near Mashongnavi, one of the Moki villages. A large ruined pueblo, formerly occupied by the Mashongnavi, was here sur

surveyed, and such portions of them as clearly ind

nt times--a number of them having been abandoned since the Spanish conquest of the country. In several cases the villa

Recent restrictions to which they had been subjected, as a consequence of new surveys of the reservation line, had made them especially distrustful of parties equipped with instruments for surveying. Incidental to explanations of the purpose of the work, an opportunity was afforded of obtaining a number of mythologic notes, and also interesting data regarding the construction of their "ho

and differing only in the number of participants. Several instantaneous negatives of the various phases of the dance were se

s of the region legendary information bearing upon ruins and in observi

as" or religious chambers. In several instances the large roofing timbers of the "kiva" were found to be the old beams from the Spanish churches, hewn

y part of September was employed in making a close survey of the Mummy Cave group of ruins in Canyon de la Muerte, this work including a five-foot contour map of the ground and the rocky ledge over which the houses were distributed. Detailed drawings of a number of special features were made here, particularly in connection with the circular ceremonial chambers. The latter were so buried under the ac

d with a series of photographs. Some ne

ola group, were platted. One of these villages had been provided with a circular reservoir of large size, partially walled in with masonry. Here, also, the well preserved walls of a stone church can be seen. The other contains the remains of a large churc

iente was also surveyed and d

o of Zu?i. From this camp Nutria was surveyed and photographed, and also the village of Pescado, which is occupied only during the farming season. Both of these modern farming pueblos appear to be built on the ruins of more an

MR. E. W

headwaters of the South Fork of Salt River, but did not find any ruins. Thence the Blue Ridge was crossed, and the valley of the Blue Fork of the Sa

FIELD

DR. H. C

llowed the custom of burying their dead immediately outside the walls of their habitations, marking the places of sepulcher with circles of stones. The graves were four or five feet in depth, and various household utensils had been deposited with the dead. Mr. Nelson, who had made a careful search for these cemeteries, inf

lf that the fangs had not been extracted from the poisonous varieties. He thinks, however, that the reptiles are somewhat tamed by handling during the four days that they are kept in the estufas and possibly are made to eject the greater part of the venom contained in the sacs at the roots of the teeth, by being teased and forced to strike at different objects held near them. He does not think that a vegetable decoction in which they are washed has

illmore. The bodies had been carried far up the side of the mountain; cavities had been prepared in a rock slide, and the bodies placed therein. Branches of cottonwood were then

n showed that the inhabitants of the eastern slope of the Wahsatch Range, in Great Salt Lake Valley, followed the mode of rock sepulture from this, the most northern point visited, to below Parowan, a distance of at least two hundred miles southwa

MR. J. C

es of the North American Indians, and spent many days in the library of the British Museum, the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris

R. JEREMI

rnia and Oregon was over three hundred. The number of vocabularies was eight, being the Yana, Atsug?i (Hat Creek), Wasco, M

CE W

archeology of the district before specified. He also finished a paper published in the Sixth Annual Report of this Bureau under the title, "Aids to the study of the Ma

tes east of the Rocky Mountains. This catalogue, now nearly complete, is intended to give the localities and character of all the antiquities in the

ts. The advance "proofsheets" of this work, printed in the last fiscal year, were distributed to collaborators and have been the means of obtaining the active cooperation of many persons throughout this and other

amount of Zu?i material collected by him during several years, of

ion of the dictionary was completed, and had been forwarded to the Bureau when her sudden and lamented death occurred on June 9, 1886, at her home in Jersey City. Her former assistant, Mr. J. N. B

the Indian tribes to lands within the United States and the methods of procuring their relinquishment, the scope and value of which have before been explained. M

n Indians, in the prosecution of which the large amount of information received and obtained from various sources has been caref

ormer years in the Navajo country, his chief work being upon a grammar and dictionary of the Navajo language. He al

field of American archeologic art. Two fully illustrated papers have been finished and have appeared in the Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau. They are upon "Ancient art of the province of Chiriqui, Colo

ed from the field-notes and other material. In this work it is proposed to discuss the architecture in detail, particularly in the case of the modern pueblos, where many of the constructional devices of the old

ment of new material from Canyon de Chelly, a pap

in the National Museum. The third, a large model of Pe?asco Blanco, is still uncompleted. All of these models are made from entirely new surveys made in the summer of 1884. The scale used in the previous series-the inhabited pueblos and the cliff ruins-though larger than usually adopted for this class of work, has shown so much more detail and has proved generally so

among the Eskimo tribes of Alaska. A part of this report, consi

ecial studies of several officers of the Bureau being suspended so that their whole time might be emplo

of sign language and pictography. A comprehensive, though preliminary, paper on the la

the year in work upon the synonymy

is in print. He also took down vocabularies from Indian delegates present in this city on tribal business, and thus succeeded in incor

for some time he enlarged his vocabulary of that language and recorded grammatical notes. He also

ed with the Bureau since the early part of the fi

OF INDI

e been understood and recorded in diverse ways by the earlier authors, and have been variously transmitted by the latter. Nicknames arising from trivial causes, and often without apparent cause, have been imposed upon many tribes. Names borne by one tribe at some period of its hist

equired during the whole time since the establishment of the Bureau. Though a few points still remained in an unsatisfactory condition, it was considered that a sufficient degree of accuracy had been attained to allow of the publication for the benefit of students of a volume devoted to the subject. The preparation of the plan of such a volume was intrusted to Mr. H. W. Henshaw, late in the spring of 1885, and in June of that

d. The Algonkian family in all its branches-by far the most important part of the whole, so far as the great bulk of literature relating to it is concerned-was intrusted to Col. Garrick Mallery and Mr. James Mooney. They also took charge of the Iroquoian family. Rev. J. O. Dorsey's intimate acquaintance with the tribes of the Sio

counts are meager and unsatisfactory. The main source of the material to be dealt with has, however, been necessarily derived from books. A vast amount of the current literature pertaining to the N

r the collation of synonyms may be regarded as practically done. The tables of synonymy and the a

ANYING

AMILIES OF N

ive an account of the present status of the subject, and to place before the workers in this field of scholarship the data now existing and the conclusions already reached, so as to constitute a point of departure for new work. With this end in view Mr. Pilling is engaged upon the bibliography of the subject and

n civilization, where science, theology, religion, medicine and the esthetic arts are developed as more or less discrete subjects. In savagery these great subjects are blended in one, as they are interwoven into a vast plexus of thought and action, for mythology is the basis of philosophy, religion, medicine, and art. In savagery the observed facts of the universe, relating alike to physical nature and to the humanities, are explained mythologically, and these mythic conceptions give rise to a great variety of practices. The acts of life are born of the opinions held as explanations of the environing world. Th

strangely commingled in the history of the people. To secure this prosperity and avert this adversity seems to be the second great motive in the development of the superstitious practices of the people. A third occasion for the development of this primitive religion inheres in the social organization of mankind, primarily expressed in the love of man and woman for each other, but finally expressed in all the relations of kin and kith and in the relations of tribe with tribe. This gives rise to a very im

logy, and they are expressed in acts, as ceremonies and observances, which constitute their religion, their medicine, and their esthetic arts. These arts consist of sculpture and painting, by which their mythic beings are represented, and they also consist of dancing, by which religious fervor is prod

THE OJIBWA, BY W. J. HOFFMAN, AND THE SACRE

Cherokee with the same end in view. In the opinion of the Director they are important contributions to this subject. The same lines of investigation have been carried on by other members of the Bureau with other tri

a future life than is normal to the savage mind. Mr. Mooney, whose paper largely deals with the use of plants by the Indians for the healing of disease, na?vely compares the pharmacopoeia of savagery with that of civilization, assuming that the latter is a sta

ot its exclusive characteristic; and further, it must be understood that it contains by survival many elements from an earlier condition in which hecastotheism prevailed, that is, that the form of philosophy known as animism was generally accepted, and that psychic life, with feeling, thought, and will, was attributed to inanimate things. But more than this, zootheism is not a permanent state of philosophy, but only a stepping-stone to something higher. That something higher may be denominated physitheism, or the worship of the powers and more obtrusive phenomena of nature. In this higher state the sun, the planets, the stars, the winds, the storms, the rainbow, and fire take the leading part. The beginnings of this higher state are to be observed in many of the mythologies of North America. It is worthy of remark that a mythology wit

IAL ST

expended for North American ethnology f

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es $31

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