now wasted by ignorance and neglect would be saved. Every woman should be taught the scientific principles in regard to heat, and then their application to practical

a suitable education in courses of instruction from which most that is practical in future domestic life is wholly excluded. We therefore give a brief outline of

ht, electricity, etc., we shall not attempt to treat, but shall, for practical purposes, assume it to be a s

ing the other end in the fire. The bodies which allow this power free course are called conductors, and those which do not are named

ownward, the lighter ones rise upward, when the former, being heated, rise in their turn, and give place to others again descending from above. Thus a constant motion of currents and interchange of particles is produced until, as in a vessel of water, the whole body comes to an equal temperature. Air is heated in the same way. In case of a hot stove, the air that touches it is heated, becomes lighter, and rises, giving place to cooler

reflect it, and others allow it to pass through them without either absorbing or reflecting Thus, black and rough substances absorb heat, (or light,) colored and smooth articles reflec

ys reflected from a surface in an angle exactly corresponding to the direction in which it strikes that surface. Thus, if heated are comes to an object perpendicularly-that is, at right angles, it will be reflected back in the same line. If it strikes obliquely, it is reflected obliquely, at an angle with the surface precise

ation: F

ation: F

ation: F

lied in stoves and furnaces. But for want of proper care and scientific knowledge this method has proved very destructive to health. When warming and cooking were done by open fires, houses were well supplied with pure air, as is rarely the case in rooms heat

ngers the dress of the cook while standing near for various operations; it requires more stooping than the stove while cooking; it will not keep a fire all night, as do the best stoves; it will not burn wood and coal eq

illustrating the practical applications of these principles to the art of cooking, and to show how much American women have suffered and how much they have been imposed upon for want of proper knowledge in this branch of their profession. And every woman can understand what follows w

ation: F

at radiates from every part of the undulating surface, which is one third greater in superficial extent than if it were plane. The shape of the fire-box also secures more heat by having oblique sides-which radiate more effectively into the oven beneath than if t

on: Fig 35.

n: Fig 36. O

the horizontal corrugated plate passing from the rear edge of the fire-box to the back flues. These are three in number-the back centre-flue, which is closed to the heat and smoke coming over the oven from the fire-box by a damper-and the two back corner-flues. Down these two corner-flues passes the c

pace, between the oven-bottom and the flue-plate at the place where the bent arrows are seen. Here again it enters a wider space, under the flue-plate, and proceeds to another narrow one, between the flue-plate and the bottom of the stove, an

ther becomes cold, so that the heat may then radiate into the kitchen. The outer edges of the oven are also similarly protected from loss of heat by tin casings and air-spaces, and the oven-doors opening at the front of the store are provided with the same economical savers of heat. High tin covers placed on the top prevent the heat from radiating above the stove. These are exceedingly useful, a

ives the heat that accumulates between the fire-box and front doors down around the oven, and equalizes its heat, so that articles need not be moved while baking; and lastly, as the air passes through the holes of the fire-box, it causes the burning of gases in the smoke, and thus

rom too many or too loose joints. But recently this stove has been provided with a dumping-grate which also will sift ashes, and can be cleaned without dust and t

or coal, thus saving the expense of kindling and the trouble of starting a new fire. When the fuel is of goo

or two uniting passages, to the smoke-pipe. Under this is placed a closet for warming and keeping hot the dishes, vegetables, meats, etc., while preparing for dinner. It is

n be done in front of the stove, the oven-doors being removed for t

these can be taken or left out at pleasure. So also the top covers, the baking-stool an

ration

ith all its appendages, as they might b

nning, keep seventeen gallons of water hot at all hours, bake pies and puddings in the warm closet, heat flat-irons under the back cover, boil tea-kettle and one pot under the front cover, bake bread in the oven, and c

ces easily renewed, that the stove itself may pass from one generation to another, as do ordinary chimneys. The writer has visited in families where this stove had been in constant use for eighteen and twenty years, a

ts advantages, it also can be used satisfactorily even when the mistress and maid are equally careless and ignorant of its distinctive merits. To such

learn, so as to gain the full advantages offered. And even without any instructions at all, except the printed directions sent with the stove, an intelligent woman can, by due attention, though not without, both manage it, and teach her children and servants to do likewise. And

stoves, constructed with the usual disregard of scientific and economic laws. And it is because we know this particular stove to be convenient, reliable, and economically e

MNE

hem so as always to carry smoke upward instead of downward. It is rarely the case that a large house is built in which there is not some flue or chimney which "will not draw." One of the reasons why the stove described as excelling all others is sometimes cast aside for a poorer one

of the causes and the

nt, or having too large a throat for the smoke. In a lower story, the fireplace should not be larger than thirty inches wide

open into it. Where this is the case, the length of the main flue is to be considered as extending only from the bottom to the point where the upper flue joins it, and where the lower will receive air from the upper f

o secure a good draught. Sometimes it will work well and sometimes it

old air from without can not enter to press the warm air up the c

h stronger than in the other. In this case, the stronger draught will draw away from the weaker. The remedy

or buildings higher than the top of the chimney,

aces, of smoke from other chimneys near. The rem

, so that its draught passes along the wall and makes a current that draws out the

nds. The remedy is a turn-

f the smoke. Every chimney should be built of equal dimensions from bottom to top, with no projectio

chimney of chambers for stove-pipes. The remedy is t

some part of the chimney so that outer air is

he fireplace have a tight fire-board, or that the throat he carefully filled. For negl

eir remedies, many a badly-built chimney might have been cured, and ma

n rooms one above the other, in certain states of the atmosphere, the lower room, being the warmer, the colder air and

in the family of a relative. An anthracite stove was used in the upper room; and on one still, close night, the gas from this stove descended through the flue and the opening into a room below, and stifled two persons to insensibility, though, by proper efforts, their li

NAC

c life requiring more intelligent management than furnac

The lower stratum of air is warmed by the earth and by objects which have been warmed by radiated heat from the sun. The particles of air thus heated expand, become lighter, and rise, being replaced by the des

ld only one eighty-sixth part. The earth and all plants and trees are constantly sending out moisture; and when the air has received all it can hold, without depositing it as dew, it is said to be saturated, and the point of temperature at which dew begins to form, by condensation, upon the surface of the earth and its vegetation, is called the dew-point. When air, at a given tempe

moisture it is capable of holding; and in cool days at the No

it holds three fourths of this, it is said to be at seventy-five per cent. When it holds only one

amount of moisture in the air ranges from

its required moisture from the body, often causing dryness of lips and throat, and painfully affecting the lungs. Prof. Brewer, of the Scientific School of New-Haven, who has experimented extensively on this subject, states that, while forty per cen

of a due supply of moisture in the air. And often when a remedy is sought, by evaporating water in the furnace, it is without knowing that the amount evaporated depends, not on the quantity of wa

that a person feels as warm at a lower temperature when the air has a proper supply of moisture, as in a much higher temperature of dry air. Of course, less fuel is needed to warm a house

kept constantly wet by communication with a cup of water near it. The water around the bulb evaporates just in proportion to the heat of the air around it. The changing of water to vapor draws heat from the nearest object, and this b

n regard to the use of furnaces, whi

nic oxide is much more poisonous than carbonic acid. Doubtless some carbonic oxide finds its way into all furnace-heated houses, especially where anthracite is used; the amount varying with the kind of furnace and its management. As to how much escapes into a room, and its specific effect upon the health of its occupants, we

ive dryness also has bad effects. So also the excessive heat in the evenings and coolness in the mornings has a share in these evils. But how much in addition is owing to carbonic oxi

e head warmer than the feet. This is especially to be avoided in a nation where the brain is by constant activity drawing the blood from the extremities. And nowhere is this more important than in schools, churche

affected in the same way, radiating its heat to cooler bodies around, so that it always marks a lower degree of heat than actually exists in the warm air around it. Owing to these facts, the injected air of a furnace is always warmer than is good for the lun

iven to aid a woman in selecting and managing the most healthful and economical furnace, or in providing some better method of warming