Chapter 1 No.1

Ein weiteres, sehr beachtenswertes Element, mit dem die Flugtechnik rechnen mu?, ist der Wind.

Dieser ist nichts anderes, als in Bewegung begriffene Luft. Er entsteht durch Druckunterschiede in der Atmosph?re, indem Luft aus den Bereichen h?heren, in die niederen Druckes flie?t.

W?hrend die Meteorologie sich zumeist mit der Ermittlung der Hauptwindrichtung und der durchschnittlichen Windgeschwindigkeiten, deren t?glichen Perioden, der Verteilung des Windes auf der Erde und dem gesetzm??igen Auftreten beider, den Schwankungen u. dgl. befa?t, studiert die Flugtechnik au?erdem noch die Einwirkung des Windes auf die Flugobjekte, die in kleinen Intervallen auftretenden prim?ren und sekund?ren Schwankungen des Windes, der vertikalen und horizontalen Richtung und der Geschwindigkeit nach.

Bezüglich der Windarten unterscheiden wir zwischen gleichm??ig wehendem Wind, welcher in der Natur zumeist nur für wenige Augenblicke vorkommt und zwischen sto?weisem Wind, welcher, wenigstens in der N?he der Erdoberfl?che, als die Regel angenommen werden mu?.

Alle Berechnungen k?nnen sich nur auf die erstere Gattung des Windes beziehen; jedoch mu? man sich die letztere Eigenschaft des Windes dabei stets vor Augen halten. Die Unbest?ndigkeit der Luftstr?mungen zeigen uns (in gr??eren H?hen) nicht nur die Wolken und die Ballonfahrten an, sondern auch (in den niederen Schichten der Atmosph?re) der aus den Schornsteinen aufsteigende Rauch, die wirbelnden Bl?tter, der Staub, das Treiben des Schnees, das Wogen der Saatenfelder, das Rauschen der W?lder etc.

Zum Messen der Windgeschwindigkeiten hat man in neuester Zeit besonders sinnreiche Apparate konstruiert, welche auch die in kleinen Zeitr?umen wiederkehrenden Fluktuationen des Windes zu beobachten gestatten. Es sei hier unter anderem auf die Apparate von Lilienthal, Wellner und Langley kurz verwiesen, sowie auf meine in der Broschüre ?Ballonbeobachtungen und deren graphische Darstellung? enthaltenen Anweisungen darüber.

Versuche und Messungen ergeben, da? die Windgeschwindigkeiten innerhalb nur weniger Sekunden sehr bedeutend differieren, so da? (wenn man sich die Zeiten auf einer Abszissenachse, die Geschwindigkeiten auf einer Ordinatenachse auftr?gt) selbe durch gr??ere oder kleinere Wellenlinien wiedergegeben werden, in deren auf- und absteigenden ?sten wieder sekund?re Schwankungen auftreten.

Die bisherigen Versuche zeigten, da? der Ablenkungswinkel gegen die mittlere Windrichtung oft 10-20 und mehr Grade betr?gt, die Differenzen des Neigungswinkels der jeweiligen Windstriche gegen die Horizontale übersteigen nicht selten selbst im ebenen Terrain 5-6 Grade. Eine mechanische Ausnützung dieses Umstandes durch Flugobjekte ist schwer denkbar. Trotzdem mu? man diese Eigentümlichkeit des Windes sich stets gegenw?rtig halten. Wer wei? übrigens, ob diese sekund?ren Schwankungen für schnell fliegende Luftschiffe wirklich von Belang sind?

Von besonderer Wichtigkeit ist die Geschwindigkeit und die Richtung des Windes, welche für die Bahn des Luftschiffes über der Erde von entscheidendem Einflusse wird.

Gleichm??ig wehender Wind ist wohl auf die vertikale Bahn des Flugobjektes ohne Einflu?, weil letzteres die Geschwindigkeit des Windes annimmt und alle Rechnungen bezüglich der Tragf?higkeit, Bahn etc. so auszuführen sind, als ob g?nzliche Windstille herrschen würde, doch variiert die Geschwindigkeit des zurückgelegten Weges sehr bedeutend, je nachdem Mit- oder Gegenwind weht. Es ist ein alter Erfahrungssatz, da? gerade für Anf?nger die sogenannte Windfrage meist eine Klippe bildet, über die zu kommen, bei der gro?en Zahl der auf diesem Gebiete existierenden Schriften h?chst fraglichen wissenschaftlichen Wertes, oft recht schwer f?llt.

Detaillierte Angaben über Richtung und Geschwindigkeit des Windes, dessen H?ufigkeit und Wechsel, respektive Zunahme mit der H?he und alle für Luftschiffahrt in Betracht kommenden Faktoren findet man in meinem Buche ?Lenkbare Ballons? auf den Seiten: 59-93, ferner auf den Seiten 188-203.

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Die Luftschiffahrt der Gegenwart

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