54

, both for trade and war, and helped to start the modern Royal Navy on a career of world-wide victory such as no other fighting service has ever equalled, not even the Roman Army in the palmy days of Rome. It was a happy thought that gave the name of Queen Elizabeth to the flagship on board

nk that peaceful trade could go on without a fighting navy to protect it. So he built men-of-war; though he used these for trade as well. Men-of-war built specially for fighting were of course much better in a battle than any

e Mediterranean. But the London merchants were more important still; and the king was the most important man of all. He had his watchful eye on the fishing fleet of Iceland, which was then as important as the fleet of Newfoundland became later on. He watched the Ba

set up Our banners and Ensigns in every village, towne, castel, yle, or maine lande, of them newly found." Cabot discovered Canada by reaching Cape Breton in 1497, three years before Columbus himself saw any part of the mainland. But as he found nobody there, not even "Heathenries and Infidelles," much less "villages, castels, and townes," as he lost money by his venture and could not pay the king the promised "royalty" of twenty per cent., we need not laugh too loudly over what the king gave him: "To Hym that founde the new Isle-10 pounds," which was worth more than a thousand dollars would be now. Cabot went again and his son Sebastian after him; but there was no money to be made in this venture. True, Sebastian said the fish off Newfoundland were so thick that he could hardly force his vess

: Eddystone Li

f stone and timber. B

and swept aw

Lighthou

d present str

Douglass for

rld at last discovered the riches of the New, and all the European

hundred years; and then became part of the Admiralty, which now does everything for the Navy that can be done from the land. In one word, this Board took care of everything except the fighting part of the Navy's work. That part was under the Lord High Admiral or a body of men appointed to act for him. This body still e

nd the British Isles. He put down pirates with a strong hand. And he brought the best ship-builders he could get from Italy, where the scientific part of shipbuilding and navigation was then the best in the world, because the trade routes of Asia, Africa, and Europe mostly m

" that is, a wind from straight behind. When more and better sails were used a lubber's wind was not the best because one sail would stop the wind from reaching another one in front of it. The best wind then, as ever since, was a "quartering wind," that is, a wind blowing on a vessel's quarter, half way between her stern and the middle of her side. Ships with better keels, sails, and shape of hull might hav

he wants to reach, and then, after turning her head, to the other. It was in 1539 that Fletcher made his trial trip, to the great amazement of the shipping in the Channel. Thus by 1545, that year of naval changes, the new sailing age had certainly begun to live and the old rowing age had certainly begun to die. The invention of tacking made almost as great a change as steam made three hundred years later; for it shortened voyages from months to weeks, as steam afterwards shortened them from weeks to days. Why did Jacques Cartier take months to make voyages from Europe and up the St. Lawrence when

enry VIII then had at Portsmouth was the first fleet in the world that showed any promise o

l the ships that ever sailed," was built with lower portholes only sixteen inches above the water line. So when her crew forgot to close these ports, and she listed over while going about (that is, while making a turn to bring the wind on the other side), the water rushed in and heel

dominion both in the Old World and the New. A rowing galley, with its platform crowded by soldiers waiting to board had no chance against a sailing ship which could fire all the guns of her broadsides at a safe distance. Nor had the other foreign men-of-war a much better chance, because they too were crowded wit

business is rather on the land than on the water, where I do not know of any great battles that we have ever won." Henry VIII had seized Boulogne the year before, on which Francis I (Jacques Cartier's king) swore he would clear the Channel of the English, who also held C

remained in one body. When the French were raiding the coast Lisle's hopes ran high. "If we chance to meet with them," he wrote, "divided as they should seem to be, we shall have some sport with them." But the French kept together and at last retired in good orde

erica suddenly roused the Old World to the riches of the New. And, thirdly, the words of the National Anthem were, so to say, born on board the Portsmouth fleet, where the "Sailing Orders" ended thus:-"The Watchword in the Night shall be, 'God

e of kings, this

majesty, thi

Eden, dem

built by Nat

ction and th

ed of men, thi

stone set in t

it in the off

t defensive

nvy of less h

this earth, this

espe

d II, Act I

S

sea! the ca

water lea

down the p

heels, the se

Mermaids'

ing up, the

he sail, dip

sea! the ca

ea! our wide

wy cleave i

shadow, fle

aved Triton

y eagle so

opes on Al

aves, the shi

ell full: To

Lovell

PRAISE O

's empire

ommand the

e rivers t

igh mounta

e scaly na

r the cry

n they

sea-god

t of his

eat Neptun

ns dancin

palace ga

ith their e

reat thund

chant their a

rens, taug

eir swe

y echoing

gentle murm

of Neptun

as Ca

ON CAL

eous evening,

ime is qui

th adoration;

own in its t

s of heaven i

mighty Bei

h his eterna

e thunder-e

dswo

RM

remote Ber

an's bosom

l boat that

winds receiv

we do but s

through th

sle so lo

r kinder t

huge sea-mo

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s on a gra

storms' and

this eter

enamels e

he fowls to

isits thro

shades the o

lamps in a

the pomegr

rich than

figs our mo

the melons

plants of s

ld ever bea

s chosen b

on He stor

he hollow s

he ambergr

which we r

s pearl upo

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ere to soun

voice His p

ive at Heav

(perhaps) r

nd the Me

hey in the

d a cheer

way, to guid

oars they k

ew Ma

OK

AILIN

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PANIS

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